Review Article

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges

Table 2

Effect of temperature on acoustic communication.

S.NoArea FocusedFindingsSound speed Effects due to temperature

01Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Routing Issues and Future ChallengesSpeed of sound increases due to increase in the temperature of ocean and decreases in colder oceans. Approximately, the mount of 1°c can boost the speed of sound near to 4.0 m/s.Increase with temperature

02Prospects and Problems of Wireless Communication for Underwater Sensor NetworksShallow water effects acoustic communication by temperature gradients, ambient noises regarding surface and multi-path effect because of reflection and refraction.Effects communication

03Survey of temperature variation effect on underwater acoustic wireless transmissionSpeed of sound is affected by temperature, depth and salinity of underwater environment. These factors produce variations in speed of sound in underwater environment.Variation in speed

04Variability of available capacity because of depth and temperature in the underwater acoustic communication channelDetermine acoustic channel capacity on short distances, increasing temperature and depth as a result gets higher channel capacity and throughput rates.Improves throughput

05Underwater Channel SimulationTemperature of sea surface is much higher as is compared to the bottom temperature. Velocity of sound is also affected with increase in depth, salinity and temperature.Increases with temperature

06Mathematical equation for sound speed in the oceansTemperature is a dominating factor that has effect on the sound speed.Increases with temperature