The Last Man Standing Technique for Proof-of-Location in IoT Infrastructures at Network Edge

Table 1

Comparison with three main rival existing methods.

	PPLV [6]	ADGT [12]	CLIP [7]	LmsPoL (this proposal)
Requires new WiFi or other infra?	Yes	No	Yes	No
Unicast versus broadcast comm. (mostly the same as active vs. passive)	unicast	Unicast	Unicast	Broadcast
Based on blockchain?	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Defines coin (or ownership)?	No	No	No (unit: trace/path)	Yes
Strong consensus? (protected from spoof attacks)	- (trusted infra)	Limited (sale for chain monopoly)	Yes	Yes
Privacy for clients/participants?	Limited privacy	Yes	Yes	Limited (cloud-side knows)
Fairness	Yes	No (resources = advantage)	Yes	Yes
Participation incentive	No	No	No	Yes