USPF: Underwater Shrewd Packet Flooding Mechanism through Surrogate Holding Time

Table 3

Comparative analysis of underwater next forwarding nodes selection protocols.

Type		Protocol	Objectives	Principle area	Neighbors selection strategy	Forwarder selection strategy
Localization routing protocols	Virtual shape	VBF	Robust, scalable, energy efficient	Distance information	Neighbors placed inside pipeline from source to sink	Minimum distance to the sink inside the pipeline
		HH‐VBF	Energy efficient, robust	Distance information	Neighbors placed inside each single pipeline from each source to destination	Minimum distance to the sink inside pipelines
	Energy efficiency	PER	Energy efficient, improving the network lifetime	Residual energy, distance information, angle information	Neighbors based on their angle and distance to sink	Minimum distance to the sink with angle value and the highest residual energy
		SEANAR	Energy efficient, topology aware	Residual energy, distance information, node degree	Neighbors placed in layer (inner and aside)	Minimum distance to the sink with layer (inner and aside) and highest residual energy
	Void aware	VBVA	Void handling and energy efficient	Distance information	Neighbors placed inside each single pipeline from each source to destination	Minimum distance to the sink inside pipelines
		FBR	Energy efficient, scalable	Distance information	Neighbors placed in cone from each source to destination	Minimum distance to the sink inside the cone
		DFR	Reliable packet delivery	Distance information and link quality (ETX)	Neighbors placed in zone based on angle and reference	Minimum distance to the sink inside the zone with best link quality (ETX)
Nonlocalization routing protocols	Addressing based	H2‐DAB	Robust, scalable, energy efficient	Address information	Neighbors with lower dynamic address	The lowest address
		2H‐ACK	Ensure reliable data deliveries, energy consumption	Address information	Neighbors with lower dynamic address	The lowest address
		APCR	Ensure data delivery	Layer information residual energy	Neighbors with lower ID	Lower ID with highest residual energy
	Energy efficiency	DBR	Energy efficient, scalable	Depth information	Shallower neighbors	Shallower neighbor with lowest holding time
		DBMR	Energy efficiency	Depth information, residual energy	Shallower neighbors with calculated weight value	Shallower neighbor with the highest weight and lowest holding time