Advanced Power Management and Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Survey

Table 1

Main strategies proposed to deal with the real-time optimization.

Reference	Solution	Highlights
[19]	Markov chains and stochastic dynamic programming	(1) Model the road grade as a Markov chain; (2) Maintain the SOC within its boundary
[46]	Markov chains and nearest-neighborhood method	(1) Present a three-dimensional Markov chain driver model; (2) Update transition probability matrix online
[47]	Markov chains	(1) Classify eight typical driving behaviors; (2) Establish driver models under different driving behaviors
[48]	Particle swarm optimization and fuzzy logic	(1) Pay attention to uncertain driving condition; (2) Avoid thresholds sensitive to driving cycles
[49]	Neural network	(1) Design a velocity predictor; (2) Real-time adaptation
[50]	Reinforcement learning	(1) Present a control-oriented dynamic model; (2) Method adaptability under different driving conditions