A Novel Privacy-Preserving Authentication Protocol Using Bilinear Pairings for the VANET Environment

Table 1

The symbols used in this paper.

Notations	Description
	The th roadside unit (RSU)
	The identity of the RSU
TA	The trusted authority
	The th vehicle
	The pseudoidentity of the vehicle which contains
,	The master and public keys of TA
,	The master and public keys of the th RSU
,	The master and public keys of the th OBU
	is a secure hash function
	, where is the length of the string
	is a map-to-point hash function
	The bitwise XOR operation
	String concatenation operation