A Novel Privacy-Preserving Authentication Protocol Using Bilinear Pairings for the VANET Environment

Table 3

Execution time of the related pairing-based operations.

Symbols	Execution time for various operations	Running time (ms)
	One-way hash function or	<1
	Map-to-point hash function	<1
	Bilinear pairing computation	3.61
	Addition operation of points in ECC	<1
	Exponential operation	2.74
	Scalar multiplication of elliptic curves	1.63
	Symmetric encryption algorithm AES (128-bit key)	<1