Research Article
The Applications of Blockchain in the Covert Communication
Table 2
Contrast among blockchain-based covert communication channel.
| Scheme | Time | Type | Position | Environment | Hiding capacity (bit)/TX |
| Partala [31] | 2018 | Address Channel | Input address | Bitcoin | 1 | Frkat et al. [43] | 2018 | DSA Channel | Signature | Botnet | 256 | Minaei et al. [44] | 2018 | Address Channel | Output shielded address | Zcash | 9344 | Basuki and Rosiyadi [45] | 2019 | Value Channel | Contract parameter | Ethereum | 29 | Recabarren and Carbunar [46] | 2019 | DSA Channel | Signature | Bitcoin | 13200 | Alsalami and Zhang [47] | 2019 | DSA Channel | Signature | Bytecoin | 16384 | Tian et al. [33] | 2019 | Script Channel | OP_RETURN | Bitcoin | 256 | Lejun et al. [32] | 2020 | Address Channel | Input address | Bitcoin | 36 | Wang and Su [40] | 2020 | Address Channel | Output address | Bitcoin | 34 | Luo et al. [48] | 2020 | Address Channel | Interaction between address and transaction amount | Bitcoin | Uncertain | Liu et al. [36] | 2020 | Value Channel | VALUE | Ethereum | OBE:1 | Value Channel | VALUE | Ethereum | HMAC: 0.25(ValueLength-1) | Value Channel | VALUE | Ethereum | Hash: 0.5(ValueLength-1) | Alsalami and Zhang [49] | 2020 | DSA Channel | Signature | Bytecoin | 16384 | Zhang et al. [39] | 2020 | Script Channel | Whisper payload | Ethereum | 256 | Cao et al. [38] | 2020 | Address Channel | Public key derivation | Bitcoin | 1 | Gao et al. [50] | 2020 | Script Channel | OP_RETURN | Bitcoin | 640 | Zhang et al. [41] | 2021 | Value Channel | Contract parameter | Ethereum | 41.8 | Liu et al. [36] | 2022 | Value Channel | Amount | Monero | 39 |
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