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Ref. | Problems and scenarios | Method | Contributions | Simulations | KPIs |
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[6] | Coordinated multipoint handover in 5G UDN | User-centric CoMP handover schemes | Characterize the movement trend through dwell time | Numerical simulation | HOR; Th |
[7] | Handover triggering policy in 5G UDN | Clustering-based RL | Multiple decision criteria-based handover triggering mechanism | MATLAB; SD | HON; HOF; PPE; Th; latency |
[12] | Handover failures and ping-pong effect in HetNet | HO triggers mechanism | Recursive least squares-based SINR prediction method | SD | HOF; PPE |
[15] | Handover decision issue in LTE-A | AHP-TOPSIS; Q-learning | UE rank; the optimal triggering points of HO | MATLAB; SD | HOR; PPE |
[17] | Handover in HetNets | Markov-based handover strategy | Context-aware handover policies | Monte Carlo simulations | Capacity |
[22] | Handover in 5G | DNN | Reduce the handover problem to a classification problem | SD | RLF; PPE |
[23] | Frequent handover in 5G UDN | Frequent handover mitigation algorithm | Dwell time estimation; user detection | NS3; | HON; Th |
[27] | Handover decision in HetNets | Q-learning | Q-learning-based handover decision | SD | Cost; utility |
[30] | Frequent handover in UDN | DQN | SDN-based UDN architecture; DQN-based handover decision | Mininet; | HOR; Th |
[31] | VHO in HetNets | ES-DQN | Training the parameters of main Q-network with ES | Python; SD | HOF; Th; delay |
[33] | Frequent handover in 5G | Double DRL | Trajectory-aware HO optimization approach | Wireless Insite software; SD | HON; Th |
[34] | Handover decision in HetNets | Distributed DRL | MDP formulation; distributed DRL | SD | HON; energy cost |
[36] | Handover in UDN | A3C | Mobility pattern-based user clustering; A3C-based HO policy | SD | HOR |
[37] | Handover and power allocation in HetNets | Multiagent DRL | Proximal policy optimization; cooperative multiagent DRL | SD | HOR; Th |
[43] | Load balancing and handover in 5G UDN | LB-DDQN | Load balancing strategy; load coefficient; load balancing evaluation function | Python; SD | HOR; Th |
This paper | Handover decision in 5G UDN | SA-PER | State aware; analysis of dwell time; the relationships between VHO and HHO | Python; SD | RLF; HON; PPE; Th |
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