Exploring the Spatial Impact of Multisource Data on Urban Vitality: A Causal Machine Learning Method

Table 4

Notations of DML.

Notations	Variables	Descriptions
	Outcome variable	Urban vitality at at (suburb)
	Treatment variable	Study-specific city data at
	Features	Excluding study-specific city data
	Control variable	Precipitation at stage ,
	Treatment effect	Given , how much influence TreatmentT has on OutcomeY