[Retracted] A Taxonomy and Analysis on Internet of Vehicles: Architectures, Protocols, and Challenges

Table 1

State-of- the-art in IoV review and research gaps.

Ref. no	Year	Focus area	Research gaps
[15]	2011	IoV and ITS intelligent transportation system	Communication protocols for data-driven ITS environment need to be explored further
[6]	2014	IoV state-of-the-art connectivity and challenges	Application-specific protocols need to be emphasized
[26]	2014	VANET and its applications	Protocol at each level of the architecture is missing
[27]	2014	VANET architecture and protocols with pros and cons	Application-specific protocols for IoV communication need to be emphasized
[28]	2015	Routing in VANET and its simulations	Nondelay tolerant protocols are not taken into account
[29]	2019	VANET and routing in city scenarios	Highway scenarios need to be considered
[25]	2018	VANET transmission strategies are based on routing and its applications	Application-specific protocols need to be explored
[30]	2019	VANET routing protocols and the challenges in communication	Hybrid protocols for VANET are an open area to be explored
[31]	2020	Routing protocols of VANET and the optimization techniques	IoV protocols mapping on five-layer and seven-layer IoV architectures need to be explored