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| Reference | Year | Layers in proposed architectures | Functionality of layer | Communication supported | Simulation environment | Applications |
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| [34] | 2011 | Three: client, connection, cloud | Client: helps to sense the information within and outside the vehicles
Connection: helps to organize the route for the packets to be transferred in the communication
Cloud provides the computing power and the revival of the information from the network | V2I, V2R, V2P, V2V | — | NA |
| [35] | 2013 | Four: embedded systems and sensors, multiservice edge, core, cloud | Embedded systems and sensors use the communication channel on 802.11p protocol for V2V communication
Multiservice edge: helps to define the technology that enables communication between vehicles
Core: helps in implementing information flow control strategies
Cloud: it specifies the type of service needed and can receive the services | V2V | — | NA |
| [36] | 2014 | Three: vehicle computation, location computation, and cloud computation | Vehicle computation: helps in taking the context-aware systems for more contextual information which is related to the tasks while driving the vehicle
Location computation: It is used by RSUs to exchange information with the vehicles in its range
Cloud computation: Maintains the applications and the services. | V2I, V2V | MATLAB/Simulink | Parking reservation service |
| [20] | 2016 | Five: perception, coordination, artificial intelligence, application, and business | Perception: works on the physical layer protocols with the help of the 802.11p series
Coordination: helps to provide secure transmission
Application: statistics and services are performed on this layer
Artificial intelligence: decision-making and the processing of the data done at this layer
Business: helps to provide the models, budget preparation, and the aggregation of the data | V2I, V2R, V2P, V2S, V2V | — | Traffic safety, infotainment, web-based utility |
| [18] | 2016 | Three: area network, network management, and device to device applications | Area network: many devices connect and gather the data at this layer
Network management: supports management in a distributed manner
Device to device applications: Based on the degree of involvement of the base station, it helps communicate between the devices.
Business: Holds the private cloud, public cloud, and enterprise cloud. | V2V | MATLAB | Video-related |
| [37] | 2017 | Seven: user interaction, data acquisition, preprocessing, communication, management, business, security | User interaction: acts as notification management for the communication
Data acquisition: deployed with all the intravehicular and intervehicular communication
Pre-processing: transmission, preprocessing, and filtering functions are the significant responsibility of this layer.
Communication: provides the services with the help of various technologies like Wi-Fi, LTE, 3G.
Management: inspection of the data packets, management based on the flow of data are the responsibility of this layer.
Security: linked with all the layers to provide the authentic, authorized, trust, and privacy on the data | V2I, V2R, V2P, V2S, V2V | — | Traffic efficiency-related |
| [32] | 2019 | Three: client level, connection level, cloud level | Client level: helps in communication between the vehicles
Connection level: all the control stations and the radio access units are deployed at this layer
Cloud level: act as a backbone of the architecture and supports the communication with the help of network/internet | V2I | NCTUns 6.0, OPNET Modeler | Congestion control |
| [38] | 2019 | Three: t1, tier 2, tier 3 | Tier 1: connects with the cloud server and consists of the components like cloud network and servers
Tier 2: the RSUs and the access point are being deployed at this layer
Tier 3: contains the information on the sensors and the actuators | V2V, V2I | Vehicular Network Open Simulator | NA |
| [39] | 2020 | Four: data collection, network, data processing and knowledge discovery, application | Data collection: gathers the data from the numerous heterogeneous devices present in communication
Network: it accommodates the connection of the devices with the help of wireless access networks
Data processing and knowledge discovery: data management and batch processing is done here. This layer also performs the data mining with the support from artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques
Application: all the applications are being managed in this layer | V2V, V2I | OMNET++ | Public transport, social transportation, traffic management, regional logistics management, telematics, fleet management, and parking management |
| [40] | 2020 | Three: mobile user, MEC, cloud | Mobile user: interacts with the vehicles
MEC: helps to load the data to the MEC servers received from RSUs
Cloud: manages the core network of the communication | V2V, V2I | — | Safety-related |
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