5G Channel Estimation Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm

Algorithm 1

Pseudocode of the WOA algorithm for channel estimation.

Initialize the feasible propagation characteristics

for each iteration

 for each search agent

  Update and

  if

   if

    Update the position of the current search agent by (6)

   else if

    Select a random search agent

    Update the position of the current search agent by (13)

   end

  else if

   Update the position of the current search by (11)

  end

 end

 Check if any search agent goes beyond the search space and amend it

 Estimate channel using (14) and propagation characteristics

 Equalize channel

 Clustering based on modulation type

 Calculate the fitness of each search agent as cluster variance

 Update if there is a smaller variance

end

return