5G Channel Estimation Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm

Table 3

Simulation parameters of the OFDM system.

Parameters	Value
FFT size	4096
CP length	1024
Pilot arrangement	Comb
Pilot density	1/3, 1/6, and 1/12
Modulation	QPSK, 16QAM, and 256QAM
Subcarrier spacing	30 kHz
Channel model	TDL-C300
Noise model	AWGN
SNR range	0–30 dB (1 dB step)