Biochar Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorptive Capacity and Its Effect on Bioavailability of Contaminants: An Overview

Table 2

List of some notable chemical characterizations of BC.

Characterization	Determination	Results and remarks	References
Elemental analysis	C, H, O, S, and N associated ratios	H/C, O/C, and N associated ratios are used to determine the degree of aromaticity and maturation	[56, 60, 61]
BET	Surface area, pore structures, average pore diameter, pore volume, and average pores of BC	1057 m^2g^−1; macroporosity and microporosity; 5.2 nm; 0.24 mLg^−1; 3.3 nm	[63, 125]
Boehm titration	Acidic and basic functional groups	Functional groups determined include carboxylic, lactonic, and phenolic	[45, 65]
FTIR/FTIS	Changes that occur in BC preparations as well as chemical functional groups present on the original BC	Changes include dehydration, pyrolysis, graphene nucleation, and finally carbonization; O–H (3600–3100 cm^−1), C=C and C=O stretching (1740–1600 cm^−1),; C–O–C symmetric stretching (1097 cm^−1), –COOMe (1400–1500 cm^−1), and so on	[66–68]
CEC	Measure of the surface charge in soil or BC	At aging 278 to 518 mmolckg^−1,; 10.2 to 69.2 mmolckg^−1, at neutral pH and 16.2 ± 6.0 and 21.0 ± 17.2 mmolckg^−1for BC produced at 400 and 600°C	[19, 69]