Dielectric Properties of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid

<div>(a) Dielectric constant <svg height="11.6425pt" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 9.24515 11.6425" width="9.24515pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z" id="g113-247"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="410" vert-adv-y="410" xpluscharwidth="5.33"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.331,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="361" vert-adv-y="361" xpluscharwidth="8.61608917"></glyph.data></g></svg>, (b) dielectric loss <svg height="11.6425pt" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 12.2959 11.6425" width="12.2959pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z" id="g113-247"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="410" vert-adv-y="410" xpluscharwidth="5.33"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.331,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="361" vert-adv-y="361" xpluscharwidth="8.61608917"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.37,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="361" vert-adv-y="361" xpluscharwidth="11.65508917"></glyph.data></g></svg>, and (c) conductivity <svg height="11.6425pt" id="M28" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 11.2677 11.6425" width="11.2677pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M548 455L523 469C505 448 490 439 461 439C416 439 374 447 316 447C144 447 23 310 23 161C23 47 89 -12 179 -12C312 -12 429 106 429 244C429 303 419 344 368 386L371 388C404 383 440 378 474 378C507 378 530 411 548 455ZM350 274C350 191 308 25 198 25C144 25 108 75 108 157C108 264 170 395 276 395C296 395 320 384 333 360C347 334 350 316 350 274Z" id="g113-240"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="565" vert-adv-y="565" xpluscharwidth="7.345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.347,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="361" vert-adv-y="361" xpluscharwidth="10.63208917"></glyph.data></g></svg> measurements are displayed as functions of temperature for PLA in the as-printed condition. Various frequencies in a range of 1 Hz to 3 GHz are shown during heating from 150 K to 420 K at a rate of 0.2 K/min.</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Dielectric Properties of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid

Figure 2