Adaptive Foot in Lower-Limb Prostheses

Table 4

Comparison of passive-adaptive foot prostheses/foot designs in lower-limb prostheses.

Country	Name/year/reference number	Weight	Axis of rotation	Type of mechanism	Movable ranges	Attaching method	Material
Netherlands	The Heel Foot; (2003); [8]	0.5 kg	Mediolateral axis MTP joint axis	Spring based	(−) 20° : 20°	Knee ankle coupling	Toe-carbon fiber, forefoot, heel—aluminum
Netherlands	fully passive transfemoral prosthesis; (2011); [9]	1.05 kg	Mediolateral axis at MTP joint	Spring based and linkages	0 : 30° (toe)	Prosthesis ankle joint	Carbon fiber
United States of America (USA)	Prosthetic ankle-foot system; (2014); [10]	1.04 kg	Mediolateral axis	Linkages and camshafts	87° : 105°	Pyramid adapter	Nylon 6/6, polyurethane rubber, maraging steel
Japan	Bipedal walking robot with oblique midfoot joint in foot (2015); [11]	N/A	Oblique axis at MTP joint	Truss and windlass mechanism	N/A	Nut and bolt	N/A
Italy	SoftFoot; (2016); [12]	N/A	Parallel to mediolateral axis	Series of rolling joints	vary with the surface	Coupling	Rapid prototyping material
United States of America (USA)	Hindfoot and forefoot stiff foot prostheses; (2017); [13]	N/A	Mediolateral axis	Flexible composite forefoot keel and hindfoot of varying stiffness	sagittal declination angle 15°	Pyramid adapter	Aluminum 7075-T6
United States of America (USA)	One-piece mechanically differentiated prosthetic foot (1997); [14]	N/A	Mediolateral axis	Flex due to polymeric material	N/A	Flange type nut and bolt connector	Light weight polymeric material
United States of America (USA)	Instrumented prosthetic foot; (2012); [15]	N/A	Mediolateral axis	Flex due to polymeric material	N/A	Pyramid adapter	Durometer polyurethane
United States of America (USA)	Ankle-foot prosthesis of automatic adaptation (2014); [16]	N/A	Mediolateral axis	Spring and link based mechanism	(−) 45° : 80°	Pyramid adapter	Elastomeric Materials