Effects of Doping Glass Fibers on the Early Strength of Sand-Based Cemented Paste Backfill for Solid Wastes Disposal in a Coal Mine

Zhu, Cunli; Zhang, Jixiong; Nan, Zhou; Li, Meng; He, Zhiwei

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5554941

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Materials Results and Discussion Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5554941 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5554941

Effects of Doping Glass Fibers on the Early Strength of Sand-Based Cemented Paste Backfill for Solid Wastes Disposal in a Coal Mine

Cunli Zhu,^1,2Jixiong Zhang,^1,2Zhou Nan ,^1,2Meng Li,^1,2and Zhiwei He^1,2

Academic Editor: Guoyang Fu

Received03 Feb 2021

Revised04 Mar 2021

Accepted03 Apr 2021

Published17 Apr 2021

Abstract

The mechanical strength of cemented paste backfill (CPB), especially the early compressive strength, is crucial for controlling the overlying rock movement. Therefore, improving the early compressive strength of CPB is a critical issue. In this study, the doped glass fibers’ effect on the macroscopic mechanical strength and microstructural features of the sand-based CPB (SCPB) with different curing ages was analyzed. The macroscopic properties and the microstructure of SCPB were characterized experimentally and analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that slump sizes of SCPB specimens without and with doped glass fibers were 269 and 209 mm. Thus, doped glass fibers inhibited the SCPB transportability and significantly improved its early compressive strength. At curing ages of 1 d and 3 d, the compressive strength of SCPB specimens doped with glass fibers was improved by 679 and 278%, respectively, compared to the blank control group. As the curing age increased, the compressive strength improvement of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was gradually saturated. Finally, the correlation between macroscopic and microscopic properties of SCPB specimens was analyzed comparatively. Thus, the mechanism of doped glass fibers’ influencing the early compressive strength of the SCPB was revealed. The research findings provide theoretical guidance for improving the SCPB early compressive strength at the mining site with the CPB mining technique.

1. Introduction

During coal mining under buildings, railways, and water bodies, the longwall-roadway cemented paste backfilling (CPB) technique is considered very effective in controlling surface deformation [1–3]. Since fly ash and aeolian sand, as primary filling materials, cause small environmental damage, the CPB has been extensively applied to coal mining under conditions [4–7]. The sand-based cemented paste backfilling (SCPB) is the primary filling material used in the longwall-roadway CPB mining technique [8–11], which provides critical support to the overlying strata [12–15]. The SCPB strength is the key influencing factor of the overlying strata stability [6, 16, 17]. This is especially true after 1–3 d of the SCPB formation. At this stage, the SCPB is still located within the range disturbed by mining the backfilling working face, and the overlying strata have not yet reached the stable state [18–21]. Improving the early compressive strength of the SCPB is crucial for enhancing its early bearing performance. Given the above, the improvement of the SCPB early compressive strength has become a research priority.

At present, many scholars worldwide have conducted extensive studies on improving the compressive strength of SCPB. Thus, Feng et al. [22] improved the paste backfill’s mechanical strength by adding high-concentration calcium oxide-modified copper slags in a vitrified form. Zhou et al. [23] doped the SCPB with Portland cement and fly ash as adhesives and studied the SCPB microstructure and chemical composition. They also explored the strength formation mechanism of SCPB. Yılmaz et al. [24] doped construction waste powders into CPB and studied its durability and microstructural changes at different curing ages. The experimental results confirmed the applicability of construction wastes as filling materials, thus offering an effective pathway for the disposal of construction wastes. Although the above studies demonstrated the excellent improving effect on CPB’s compressive strength, most of them were only concerned with the CPB’s late strength, i.e., the strength after stabilization. A few of these studies have discussed the early compressive strength improvement of the SCPB after its formation.

As novel raw materials for doping, fibers combine high tensile strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance, making them very lucrative. Sivakumar et al. [25] studied the effect of metal and nonmetal fibers on the concrete’s compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural toughness. They also performed a comparative analysis of the influence mechanisms of different types of fibers on concrete’s mechanical strength. Lassila et al. [26] discussed fibers’ influence on composite materials’ mechanical strength, and fracture performance. Zhang et al. [27] conducted a comparative study of eighteen specimens from steel fiber-reinforced concrete and four specimens of ordinary concrete to study the influence of the steel fibers on the shear performance of the steel-concrete composite beam. It was reported that the doping of the steel fibers could effectively inhibit the crack propagation in the concrete slabs. In the above studies, the doping of fibers improved CPB’s early strength to a certain degree. However, most scholars only investigated the CPB’s shear strength but rarely discussed the CPB’s early compressive strength. Improving the early compressive strength of the CPB is crucial for controlling the overlying strata that have not yet reached the steady-state. Therefore, it is important to clarify the effect of fibers on the CPB compressive strength.

This study is aimed to explore the early compressive strength of SCPB doped with glass fibers, to improve the early controlling effect of SCPB on the overburden strata movement. A WAW-1000D series computer-controlled servohydraulic universal testing machine was used for compressive strength testing of SCPB doped with glass fibers at different curing ages. The SCPB microstructure was examined via a scanning electron microscope. The experimental results revealed the influence mechanism of glass fibers on CPB’s early strength. We also comparatively analyzed the effect of glass fiber doping on the CPB early macroscopic mechanical strength and microstructure. The research results obtained provided the experimental basis for improving the early compressive strength of SCPB by glass fiber doping.

2. Materials and Method

2.1. Test Materials

The SCPB specimens used in this study were mainly composed of the following raw materials: fly ash, cement, aeolian sand, quicklime, and water, which are shown in Figure 1(a). Some specimens were doped with different quantities of glass fibers as doping materials, Figure 1(b). The grade II fly ash was acquired from the powdery waste at the Datang Thermal Power Plant in Henan, China. The ordinary Portland cement with a strength grade of 32.5# was acquired from the Shaanxi Shengwei Building Materials Group Co., Ltd., China. The aeolian sand was obtained from the loose sand deposits in Yulin, Shanxi Province of China, while the Hunan Yijiaxin Lime Factory (China) manufactured the quicklime.

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2.1.1. Fly Ash

Fly ash was used as one of the binding material in the SCPB. The particle size and shape were of vital importance for the SCPB transportability. As shown in Figure 2(a), the fly ash particles were spherical. In Figure 3(a), the average particle size of the fly ash was 72.513 μm. The structural features and the particle size distribution of the fly ash were conducive to paste transportation.

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2.1.2. Aeolian Sand

Aeolian sand is commonly used in SCPB as an aggregate. Its particle size distribution and chemical composition play a decisive role in the bearing capacity of SCPB. According to Figure 2(b), the particle size of aeolian sand ranged between 215.468 and 613.474 μm. The particle size was distributed over a large range, which was conducive to stress transfer within SCPB. As shown in Table 1, the aeolian sand was primarily composed of SiO₂. Since SiO₂ has high chemical stability, its presence in large quantities is favorable for improving the SCPB mechanical strength.

2.1.3. Cement

Cement was another binding material in the SCPB aimed to improve its mechanical strength. As seen in the SEM image of cement in Figure 2(c), cement particles had a rough surface, and their size distribution was nonuniform. The primary chemical components of cement were SiO₂ and CaCO₃. An intensive hydration reaction in the beginning could activate the fly ash.

2.1.4. Additives

Quicklime was added in a small quantity as an additive in SCPB. The particle size distribution is shown in Figure 3(d). It ranged from 9.822 to 170.064 μm, with an average of 66.385 μm. The main chemical component of quicklime was CaO, which served as an alkali activator.

2.1.5. Glass Fibers

The doped glass fibers used in the SCPB were produced by the Hunan Xinchuang Glass Factory (China). They had the features of high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, high-temperature resistance, low price, and wide availability [28]. The basic parameters of the doped glass fibers are listed in Table 2.

2.2. Experimental Steps

The macroscopic mechanical strength and microstructural features of the SCPB specimens with different curing ages were measured using a WAW-1000D series computer control servohydraulic universal testing machine and a Quanta 250 scanning electron microscope, respectively. First, the glass fibers and raw materials for preparing SCPB (fly ash, aeolian sand, cement, and quicklime) were weighed, thoroughly mixed, and added to the dry material that had already been mixed. Secondly, after the dry material was evenly stirred, water was added slowly until the amount required by the mixing ratio was reached. The experimental flowchart is shown in Figure 4. The macroscopic mechanical performance testing consisted of the following steps: slurry preparation, curing, specimen preparation, and compressive strength testing. The microstructural examination consisted of drying, specimen preparation, gold sputtering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.

2.3. Experimental Scheme and Method

To study the doped glass fibers’ effect on the early mechanical strength, transportability, compressive strength, and microstructural features of the SCPB with and without the doped glass fibers (blank control group) were compared. The curing ages of SCPB specimens subjected to macroscopic and microstructural testing were 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d. The SCPB concentration was 76%. The length of the glass fibers doped into the SCPB was 6 mm, and the ratio of the doped glass fibers was 1.0%, as shown in Table 3.

2.3.1. Transportability Testing

The materials were mixed according to the above ratios, as shown in Figure 5. The SCPB dry material was stirred with a mixer for 25–30 s, and then the glass fibers were slowly added. After mixing of dry material, water was continuously added to the mixing barrel according to the ratio, followed by mixing for 3–5 min to prepare the slurry. The slurry was poured into a slump test barrel with the diameters of upper and lower openings of 100 and 200 mm, respectively, and a height of 300 mm. After loading the materials, the slurry was compacted by stirring with a tamping rod. When the slurry reached the barrel’s brim, the slurry’s excess was scraped off from the upper opening to make the top flat and even. The slurry split over the brim was removed. The barrel was lifted steadily and vertically upwards in 5–10 s to allow the free-fall of the concrete. The concrete cone’s height after the collapse was measured when the concrete was stabilized, and the slump size was calculated.

2.3.2. Mechanical Strength Testing

The thoroughly mixed slurry was poured into a cubic mold with a side length of 70.7 mm. The concrete was cured at room temperature for 8 h. The mold was removed, and the SCPB specimens were placed into a Y40 B curing box with a constant temperature of 20°C ± 2°C and constant humidity of 90% ± 5%. The concrete was cured for 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d. The specimens with different curing ages were subjected to the uniaxial compression test with a loading rate of 0.5 mm/min via a WAW-1000D series computer control servohydraulic universal testing machine. The equipment used for mechanical performance testing is shown in Figure 6. A WAW-1000D series computer-controlled servohydraulic universal testing machine had an accuracy grade of 0.5 and a maximum load of 1000 kN.

2.3.3. Microstructural Examination

After measuring the compressive strength of SCPB specimens with different curing ages, the specimen blocks were dried at 40°C in a drying oven for 24 h. The dried blocks were cut into cubes with a length of 10 mm, a width of 10 mm, a height of 5 mm, and a natural surface. The cube specimens were immobilized at the test stand with double-sided adhesive tapes. The specimens were sputter-coated with gold to increase their conductivity and facilitate the microstructure observation by SEM. Figure 7 shows the operating platform and equipment for microstructural examination. Finally, the SEM images of the specimens’ natural surface were captured under the 100–3000x magnification using a Quanta 250 scanning electron microscope to observe its microstructure.

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3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Transportability Test

3.1.1. Slump Test of SCPB

A slump test was performed for the SCPB specimens with and without the doped glass fibers (blank control group) to study the glass fibers’ lapping effect in the SCPB. The testing results are shown in Table 4.

As shown in Table 4, three groups of slump tests were performed for the SCPB specimens without the doped glass fibers in scheme I, and the slump was represented by I₁, I₂, and I₃, respectively. Three more slump test groups were performed for the SCPB specimens doped with glass fibers in scheme II, and the slump was represented by II₁, II₂, and II₃, respectively.

The slump of the SCPB specimens without the doped glass fibers in scheme I was as follows: I₁ : 261 mm, I₂ : 276 mm, and I₃ : 271 mm, with an average of 269 mm. The slump of SCPB specimens doped with glass fibers in scheme II was as follows: II₁ : 207 mm, II₂ : 214 mm, and II₃ : 208 mm, with an average of 209 mm. The comparison of schemes I and II indicated that glass fibers’ lapping effect inhibited the SCPB transportability. The slump of the SCPB doped with glass fibers dropped from 269 mm in the blank control group to 209 mm, i.e., by 22.3%. As shown by the above test results, the two schemes’ minimum slump was 207 mm, and the maximum was 276 mm. Both slump values satisfied engineering performance indicators for CPB mining [29].

3.1.2. Influence Mechanism of the Doped Glass Fibers on the Slump of SCPB

According to Section 3.1.1, doping with glass fibers inhibited the SCPB transportability and reduced the slump test’s slump size. Next, the influence mechanism of the doped glass fibers on the SCPB transportability was analyzed. As shown in Figure 8, the influence pattern of the doped glass fibers’ distribution status in the SPCB on the slump was reflected by the schematic diagram of the influence of doped glass fibers on the slump.

Schematic diagrams of the slump in the SCPB with or without doped glass fibers are shown in Figure 8. In the SCPB doped with glass fibers, the slump was more significant, and the slurry flowed over a more extensive area. By contrast, doped glass fibers improved the SCPB tensile resistance. The tensile force F had a mutual inhibitory effect on the flow of the SCPB. Besides, the glass fibers formed a backbone, which was filled by the SCPB. Therefore, the SCPB doped with glass fibers constituted an intact structure doped with glass fibers as the backbone. This structure effectively inhibited the slurry flowability, thereby reducing the slump of the SCPB.

3.2. Macroscopic Strength of SCPB

3.2.1. Analysis of the Influence of Glass Fibers on the Compressive Strength of SCPB Specimens with Different Curing Ages

The doped glass fibers’ influence on the mechanical strength of the SCPB with different curing ages was further investigated. The uniaxial compression test was performed for the SCPB with or without doped glass fibers under different curing ages. Three identical specimens were prepared under the same curing age to minimize experimental errors. The test results are shown in Figures 9 and 10.

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As shown by the uniaxial compression test results in the blank control group in Figure 9, at curing ages of 1 d and 3 d, two specimens were excluded due to the outliers’ appearance. Therefore, the average peak strength was 0.366 and 0.851 MPa under the curing age of 1 d and 3 d, respectively. Similarly, under the curing ages of 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d, the average peak strengths of the SCPB were 1.839, 2.909, 4.10, and 5.54 MPa, respectively. As the curing age increased, the peak stress of the SCPB without doped glass fibers gradually increased. As compared with the average peak stress at the curing age of 1 d, the average peak stress at the curing ages of 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d increased by 1.32, 5.02, 7.95, 11.2, and 15.1 times, respectively.

The doped glass fibers’ influence on the strength of the SCPB with different curing ages was comparatively analyzed. Stress-strain curves of the SCPB doped with glass fibers under different curing ages are plotted in Figure 10.

As shown in Figure 10, the peak compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was significantly higher than that of the SCPB without them. One specimen was excluded due to outliers’ appearance at curing ages of 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d. Thus, the average was taken of the two specimens under these three curing ages, respectively. The average values were 2.851, 3.216, and 3.845 MPa, respectively. As the curing age was increased to 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d, the peak compressive strength of the SCPB grew to 4.034, 4.93, and 6.648 MPa, respectively. As compared to the average peak stress at the curing age of 1 d, the average peak stress of the SCPB increased by 0.128, 1.35, 1.41, 1.73, and 2.3 times at curing ages of 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d, respectively.

3.2.2. A Comparative Analysis of the Influence of the Doped Glass Fibers on the Curing Age

The evolution patterns of the peak compressive strength of the SCPB with different curing ages were analyzed. The peak compressive strength values of the SCPB with and without doped glass fibers were compared. The comparative diagram and histogram of the mechanical strength improvement are plotted in Figures 11(a) and 11(b), respectively.

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As shown in Figure 11(a), the blank control group’s peak compressive strength at the curing age of 1 d was equal to 0.366 MPa. The peak compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was 2.851 MPa, and its improvement was 679%. The peak compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was 7.8 times higher than that of the SCPB without them at the curing age of 1d. The peak compressive strength of the SCPB without doped glass fibers was 0.851 MPa at the curing age of 3 d. The respective peak compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was 3.216 MPa, and the improvement was 278%. As the curing age gradually increased, the peak compressive strength improvement rate of the SCPB doped with glass fibers gradually decreased. At curing ages of 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d, the peak compressive strength values of the SCPB gradually stabilized, as shown in Figure 11(b). When the curing age increased to 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d, the peak compressive strength of the SCPB specimens doped with glass fibers increased by 109, 39, 20, and 20%, respectively. This was mainly because the SCPB bearing capacity at the early stage of its formation remained quite low. The doped glass fibers inhibited the SCPB deformation, thereby improving its bearing capacity. However, as the curing age of the SCPB gradually increased, the inside of the SCPB solidified. The compressive strength of the SCPB increased correspondingly. When subjected to external stress, the SCPB withstood a more significant portion of the stress, while the glass fibers exerted little influence on its compressive strength. As the curing age continued to increase, the SCPB response and the peak strength stabilized and saturated.

3.3. Influence Mechanism of Doped Glass Fibers on the SCPB Microstructure

3.3.1. Microstructural Features of SCPB Specimens with Different Curing Ages

We further verified the effect of glass fibers on the early compressive strength of the SCPB by revealing the influence mechanism of glass fibers on the SCPB microstructure at different curing ages. The SEM analysis was performed to assess the SCPB microstructure at different curing ages. The observation results are presented in Figures 12–14 for curing ages of 1 d, 14 d, and 60 d, respectively.

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Figures 12(a) and 12(b) were compared. At a 10 d curing age, the observation of the SCPB at 40× magnification revealed that the SCPB without doped glass fibers had a smooth surface. The lapping force between the SCPB structures was small, which led to cracking under a lower bearing capacity and, hence, to failure. In Figure 12(a), the SCPB doped with fibers had a rough surface, with the structures’ glass fibers embedded. The glass fibers exhibited a crosslink distribution pattern in the SCPB, connecting the structures within the SCPB into a network. Therefore, the SCPB deformation was inhibited. At the early stage of the SCPB formation, the compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was higher than without them.

As shown in Figures 13 and 14, with an increase in curing age, crystal particles and flaky gel formed within the SCPB became stabilized. Their comparison with Figure 11 revealed that the SCPB compressive strength increased correspondingly. Meanwhile, the contribution made by the glass fibers to the compressive strength of the SCPB decreased gradually. As shown in Figures 13(a) and 14(a), when the curing age increased from 14 d to 60 d, more crystal particles and flaky gel accumulated around the glass fibers. These crystal particles were suspended in the slurry to reduce the aggregate particles’ friction, thereby inhibiting large particles’ deposition. The flaky gel attached itself to the fly ash particles’ surfaces and glass fibers and immobilized the latter in the SCPB. In this way, glass fibers and SCPB constituted an integral structure. In Figures 13(b) and 14(b), as the curing age increased, the gaps between the particles in the SCPB gradually decreased. The degree of internal structural compaction increased, and therefore the SCPB compressive strength increased as well.

At the early forming stage of SCPB, the hydration reaction’s intensity was low and so did to bearing capacity of SCPB. At this stage, glass fibers contributed more significantly to the compressive strength of the SCPB. As the curing age increased, the hydration reaction in SCPB was intensified, resulting in a gradual improvement of its mechanical strength. Glass fibers were immobilized in the SCPB, and they influenced the compressive strength of SCPB less significantly. The stress resistance of the SCPB primarily came from its bearing capacity.

4. Discussion

4.1. Comparative Analysis of the Correlation between the Macroscopic and Microscopic Properties of the SCPB Specimens under Different Curing Ages

The microstructure of SCPB doped with glass fibers at curing ages of 1d, 3d, 14d, and 60d was analyzed to study the correlation between microscopic and macroscopic properties of the doped SCPB at various curing ages. The reason for choosing only these four curing ages was that the distribution pattern in the SCPB was consistent as the curing age increased. Figure 15 shows the correlation between microscopic and macroscopic properties of the blank control group and the SCPB doped with glass fibers.

As seen in Figure 15, the hydration reaction in the SCPB intensified with the curing age. The internal structure was loose initially and became more compact over time. As the curing age increased to 28 d and 60 d, there was a small difference in the compressive strengths of the blank control group and the SCPB doped with glass fibers. The compressive strength increased gradually with curing age. At the curing ages of 1 d and 3 d, the peak compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers was significantly higher than that of the blank control group. As observed from the microstructures at curing ages of 1 d and 3 d, glass fibers acted as bridges in the SCPB. At these two curing ages, the compressive strength of the SCPB was relatively low. The glass fibers ran through the SCPB bulk, offering deformation resistance and increasing its early compressive strength.

4.2. Influence Mechanism of Doped Glass Fibers on the Early Strength of SCPB

Figure 16 shows the schematic diagram of the early compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers.

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As shown in Figure 16(a), glass fibers exhibited a crosslink distribution pattern in the SCPB, running through its bulk. According to the stress diagram in Figure 16(b), SCPB had insufficient strength at the early forming stage, so its bearing capacity was quite low. The SCPB underwent creep deformation under the squeezing action of the overlying strata. As the SCPB dilated under stress, the cross-linked fibers inside the SCPB exerted a force acting in the opposite direction to the SCPB deformation, inhibiting it and improving the early compressive strength of SCPB.

With an increase in curing age, the hydration reaction occurred continuously in the SCPB, resulting in a gradual improvement of its bearing capacity. When the stress borne by the SCPB exceeded its bearing capacity limit, the failure mode was no longer the creep deformation. At this time, the glass fibers influenced the peak compressive strength of the SCPB less significantly. Thus, the SCPB doping with glass fibers significantly improved its early compressive strength. With an increase in curing age, the hydration reaction stopped, and the glass fibers influenced the compressive strength of the SCPB less significantly. Thus, the early compressive strength of the SCPB doped with glass fibers increased steadily.

5. Conclusions

Glass fibers with a length of 6 mm were doped into the SCPB with a ratio of 1.0%. The influence mechanism of glass fibers on the SCPB compressive strength at various curing ages, in particular, the early strength, was clarified. The following findings were made:(1)Glass fibers had a significant impact on the flowability of the SCPB slurry. That is, the average slump size of the SCPB without doped glass fibers was 269 mm. After doping with glass fibers, the average slump of the SCPB was 209 mm; i.e., its size dropped by 22.3%. Besides, glass fibers exerted a tensile force F on the SCPB slurry opposite to the SCPB slurry flow. Thus, the glass fibers’ presence effectively inhibited the slurry’s dispersion and flowability, thereby reducing the slump of the SCPB doped with glass fibers.(2)The glass fibers significantly improved the SCPB’s early strength. At curing ages of 1 d and 3 d, the compressive strength of SCPB specimens with doped glass fibers improved by 679 and 278%, respectively. As the curing age gradually increased, the above improvement became saturated. That is, at curing ages of 28 d and 60 d, the peak compressive strength values were both 20%, indicating a stabilizing trend.(3)At the early forming stage, the bearing capacity of SCPB remained low. It underwent deformation under the squeezing action of the overlying strata. As the SCPB dilated under stress, the cross-linked fibers inside the SCPB exerted a force acting in the opposite direction to the SCPB deformation. This further inhibited the deformation and improved the early compressive strength of SCPB.(4)As the curing age increased, the hydration reaction in SCPB was intensified, resulting in solidification of the cement and a gradual improvement of its mechanical strength. Glass fibers were immobilized in the SCPB, which reduced their effect on the SCPB compressive strength. Given this, the SCPB stress resistance at later curing ages primarily came from its bearing capacity.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

All the authors contributed to this paper. Cunli Zhu and Nan Zhou participated in the design of this study; Cunli Zhu contributed to writing this manuscript and organizing all the experiments; Nan Zhou contributed to drafting the manuscript; Meng Li contributed to the sample making; Jixiong Zhang and Zhiwei He reviewed the final paper and made important suggestions and recommendations.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51874287 and 52004271), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021YCPY0105), the Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and CUMT (SKLCRSM19X006).

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Copyright © 2021 Cunli Zhu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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