The crack propagation from the indent introduced with a Vickers hardness tester at room temperature and the dislocation nucleation from the cracks at 900&#xb0;C inside lightly boron (B), heavily B, or heavily arsenic (As) doped Czochralski (CZ) Si wafers were investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. It was found that the dopant concentration and the dopant type did not significantly affect the crack propagation and the dislocation nucleation. The slip dislocations with a density of about (0.8<i>&#x223C;</i>2.8) &#x00D7; 10<sup>13</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup> were nucleated from the cracks propagated about 10&#x2009;<i>&#x3bc;</i>m in depth. Furthermore, small dislocations that nucleated with very high density and without cracks were found around the indent introduced at 1000&#xb0;C.

Seiji Shiba

Koji Sueoka

TEM Observation of the Dislocations Nucleated from Cracks inside Lightly or Heavily Doped Czochralski Silicon Wafers

The initial stage of oxidation of an Si (110)-(1 &#xd7; 1) surface was analyzed by using the first-principles calculation. Two calculation cells with different surface areas were prepared. In these cells, O atoms were located at the Si&#x2013;Si bonds in the first layer (A-bonds) and at the Si&#x2013;Si bonds between the first and second layers (B-bonds). We found that (i) the most stable site of one O atom was the A-bond, and (ii) an O (A-bond) &#x2013;Si&#x2013;O (A-bond) was the most stable for two O atoms with a coverage ratio of <svg style="vertical-align:-2.89124pt;width:62.599998px;" id="M1" height="13.3125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 62.599998 13.3125" width="62.599998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>  while an O (A-bond) &#x2013;Si&#x2013;O (B-bond) was the most stable for <svg style="vertical-align:-2.89124pt;width:62.599998px;" id="M2" height="13.2" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 62.599998 13.2" width="62.599998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>. The stability of O (A-bond) &#x2013;Si&#x2013;Si&#x2013;O (A-bond) was less than the structures obtained in (ii). The other calculations showed that the unoxidized A-bonds should be left when a coverage ratio of <svg style="vertical-align:-2.89124pt;width:20.700001px;" id="M3" height="12.875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 20.700001 12.875" width="20.700001"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">o</tspan>
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</svg> is close to 1. These simulations suggest that the O atoms will form clusters in the initial stage of oxidation, and the preferential oxidation will change from the A-bonds to the B-bonds up to the formation of 1 monolayer (ML) oxide. The results obtained here support the reported experimental results.

Takahiro Nagasawa

First-Principles Calculation on Initial Stage of  Oxidation of Si (110)-(1 &#x00D7; 1) Surface

We present a theory for the regime of coherent interlayer tunneling in a disordered quantum Hall bilayer at total filling factor one, allowing for the effect of static vortices. We find that the system consists of domains of polarized superfluid phase. Injected currents introduce phase slips between the polarized domains which are pinned by disorder. We present a model of saturated tunneling domains that predicts a critical current for the breakdown of coherent tunneling that is extensive in the system size. This theory is supported by numerical results from a disordered phase model in two dimensions. We also discuss how our picture might be used to interpret experiments in the counterflow geometry and in two-terminal measurements.

D. K. K. Lee

P. R. Eastham

N. R. Cooper

Breakdown of Counterflow Superfluidity in a Disordered Quantum Hall Bilayer

Transport equations of the macroscopic superfluid dynamics are revised on the basis of a combination of the conventional (stationary) Ginzburg-Landau equation and Schr&#xf6;dinger's equation for the macroscopic wave function (often called the order parameter) by using the well-known Madelung-Feynman approach to representation of the quantum-mechanical equations in hydrodynamic form. Such an approach has given (a) three different contributions to the resulting chemical potential <svg style="vertical-align:-2.89912pt;width:13.6px;" id="M1" height="9.7250004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 13.6 9.7250004" width="13.6"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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			</text>

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</svg>
             for the superfluid component, (b) a general hydrodynamic equation of superfluid motion, (c) the continuity equation for superfluid flow with a relaxation term involving the phenomenological parameters <svg style="vertical-align:-2.92273pt;width:20.987499px;" id="M2" height="9.7624998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 20.987499 9.7624998" width="20.987499"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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</svg> and <svg style="vertical-align:-2.92273pt;width:20.5875px;" id="M3" height="13.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 20.5875 13.125" width="20.5875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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		</g>
	</g>
</svg>, (d) a new version of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation for the modulus of the order parameter which takes into account dissipation effects and reflects the charge conservation property for the superfluid component. The conventional Ginzburg-Landau equation also follows from our continuity equation as a particular case of stationarity. All the results obtained are mutually consistent within the scope of the chosen phenomenological description and, being model-neutral, applicable to both the low-<svg style="vertical-align:-2.89124pt;width:12.8125px;" id="M4" height="12.875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.8125 12.875" width="12.8125"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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	</g>
</svg> and high-<svg style="vertical-align:-2.89124pt;width:12.8125px;" id="M5" height="12.875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.8125 12.875" width="12.8125"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">c</tspan>
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	</g>
</svg> superconductors.

Anatoly A. Barybin

Nonstationary Superconductivity: Quantum Dissipation and Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landau Equation

Recently, it has been possible to design independently contacted electron-hole bilayers (EHBLs) with carrier
densities <svg style="vertical-align:-0.28125pt;width:60.25px;" id="M1" height="12.9" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 60.25 12.9" width="60.25"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.546776" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="34.150776" y="0">0</tspan>
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			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-32.19,66.65)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="3.9230001" y="0">0</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>&#x2009;cm<sup  >2</sup> in each layer and a separation of 10&#x2013;20&#x2009;nm in a GaAs/AlGaAs system. In these EHBLs,
the interlayer interaction can be stronger than the intralayer interactions. Theoretical works have indicated the
possibility of a very rich phase diagram in EHBLs consisting of excitonic superfluid phases, charge density
waves, and Wigner crystals. Experiments have revealed that the Coulomb drag on the hole layer shows strong
nonmonotonic deviations from a <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:29.0875px;" id="M2" height="12.3625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 29.0875 12.3625" width="29.0875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">∼</tspan>
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			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-53.2,66.65)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> behaviour expected for Fermi-liquids at low temperatures. Simultaneously,
an unexpected insulating behaviour in the single-layer resistances (at a highly &#x201c;metallic&#x201d; regime with
<svg style="vertical-align:-2.8125pt;width:58.674999px;" id="M3" height="13.2625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.674999 13.2625" width="58.674999"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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			</text>

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			</text>

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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="6.6687598" y="0">&gt;</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="17.462065" y="0">5</tspan>
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.670065" y="0">0</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>) also appears in both layers despite electron mobilities of above <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1575pt;width:95.849998px;" id="M4" height="12.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 95.849998 12.825" width="95.849998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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			</text>

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				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="5.3745098" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> and hole mobilities
over <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1575pt;width:95.849998px;" id="M5" height="12.8625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 95.849998 12.8625" width="95.849998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">∼</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="10.782096" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="16.386095" y="0">0</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-49.95,66.55)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">5</tspan>
			</text>

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			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-31.83,66.4)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan>
			</text>

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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">V</tspan>
			</text>

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				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="5.3745098" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

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				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="5.3745098" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>. Experimental data also indicates that the point of equal densities (<svg style="vertical-align:-2.05875pt;width:31.3125px;" id="M6" height="8.8625002" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 31.3125 8.8625002" width="31.3125"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="19.468296" y="0">𝑝</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>) is not special.

K. Das Gupta

A. F. Croxall

J. Waldie

C. A. Nicoll

H. E. Beere

I. Farrer

D. A. Ritchie

M. Pepper

Experimental Progress towards Probing the Ground State of an Electron-Hole Bilayer by Low-Temperature Transport

Based on the known physics of the excitonic superfluid or 111 state of the quantum Hall <svg style="vertical-align:-0.46124pt" id="M2" height="10.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 76.175003 10.175" width="76.175003"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="19.524336" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="25.128336" y="0">/</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.24416" y="0">2</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="36.336334" y="0">+</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="46.501991" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="52.105991" y="0">/</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="55.221817" y="0">2</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> bilayer, we create a simple trial wavefunction ansatz for constructing a low-energy branch of  (Goldstone) excitations by taking the overall ground state and boosting one layer with respect to the other. This ansatz works extremely well for any interlayer spacing. For small 
				<svg style="vertical-align:-0.135pt" id="M3" height="9.6499996" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.4125004 9.6499996" width="8.4125004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.65)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.28)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑑</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>, this is simply the physics of the Goldstone mode, whereas for large 
				<svg style="vertical-align:-0.135pt" id="M4" height="9.6499996" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.4125004 9.6499996" width="8.4125004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.65)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.28)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.46)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑑</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>, this is a reflection of composite fermion physics. We find hints that certain aspects of composite fermion physics persist to low <svg style="vertical-align:-0.135pt" id="M5" height="9.6499996" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.4125004 9.6499996" width="8.4125004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.65)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.28)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.46)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑑</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> whereas certain aspects of Goldstone mode physics persist to high 
				<svg style="vertical-align:-0.135pt" id="M6" height="9.6499996" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.4125004 9.6499996" width="8.4125004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.65)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.28)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.46)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑑</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>. Using these results, we show nonmonotonic behavior of the Goldstone mode velocity as a function of 
				<svg style="vertical-align:-0.135pt" id="M7" height="9.6499996" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.4125004 9.6499996" width="8.4125004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"    >
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.65)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.28)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.46)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑑</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>.

Gunnar M&#246;ller

Steven H. Simon

Trial Wavefunctions for the Goldstone Mode in <svg style="vertical-align:-2.22495pt" height="14.85" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 92.762497 14.85" width="92.762497" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.012)"><path id="x1D708" d="M509 373q0 -52 -42.5 -118.5t-124.5 -159.5l-94 -107h-27q-22 209 -78 342q-21 48 -41 48q-18 0 -63 -62l-22 21q77 111 125 111q30 0 52 -21.5t38 -75.5q37 -130 52 -285q48 62 74.5 99.5t53.5 87t27 76.5q0 43 -17 60q-5 5 -5 15q0 17 12.5 30.5t28.5 13.5&#xA;q21 0 36 -22.5t15 -52.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.814,12.012)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.518,12.012)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.678,12.012)"><path id="x2F" d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,43.681,12.012)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.614,12.012)"><path id="x2B" d="M535 230h-212v-233h-58v233h-213v50h213v210h58v-210h212v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,69.366,12.012)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,77.526,12.012)"><use xlink:href="#x2F"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,84.529,12.012)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g></svg> Quantum Hall Bilayers

Experiments aimed at demonstrating Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in two types of experiments with bilayer structures (coupled quantum wells) are reviewed, with an emphasis on the basic effects. Bose-Einstein condensation implies the existence of a macroscopic coherence, also known as off-diagonal long-range order, and proposed tests and past claims for coherence in these excitonic systems are discussed.

D. W. Snoke

Coherence and Optical Emission from Bilayer Exciton Condensates

The quantum Hall bilayer at total filling factor <svg style="vertical-align:-0.11285pt;width:35.237499px;" id="M1" height="10.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 35.237499 10.825" width="35.237499"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.825)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.34)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑣</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="9.7898493" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.830238" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> displays a number of properties akin to superfluidity, most clearly apparent in its very low dissipation in tunneling and counterflow transport. Theoretical descriptions in terms of quantum Hall ferromagnetism or thin-film superfluidity can be developed to explain these phenomena. In either case, merons can be identified as important low energy excitations. We demonstrate that a model in which puddles of merons induced by disorder, separated by narrow regions of interlayer coherence&#x2014;<i  >a coherence network</i>&#x2014;can naturally explain many of the imperfect superfluid finite temperature properties that are observed in these systems. The periodic realization of this model shows that there can be low energy excitations beyond the superfluid mode. These are associated with transitions between states of different meron number in the puddles, where we argue that merons should be unbound at <i  >any</i> temperature, and which can have important implications for the effect of quantum fluctuations on the system.

H. A. Fertig

Ganpathy Murthy

Coherence and Disorder in Bilayer Quantum Hall Systems

Colleagues and we recently proposed a new type of transistor, a Bilayer PseudoSpin Field Effect Transistor (BiSFET), based on many-body coherent states in coupled electron and hole layers in graphene. Here we review the basic BiSFET device concept and ongoing efforts to determine how such a device, which would be far from a drop-in replacement for MOSFETs in CMOS logic, could be used for low-power logic operation, and to model the effects of engineerable device parameters on the formation and gating of interlayer coherent state.

Leonard F. Register

Dipanjan Basu

Dharmendar Reddy

From Coherent States in Adjacent Graphene Layers toward Low-Power Logic Circuits

We show that the wave functions that describe the ground states of putative <svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:7.7624998px;" id="M2" height="9.875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 7.7624998 9.875" width="7.7624998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.875)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.1)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑝</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>-wave-paired phases
in quantum Hall bilayers, like the Pfaffian at <svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:55.724998px;" id="M3" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 55.724998 14.6" width="55.724998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-60.32)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝜈</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,60.37)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">𝑇</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.49,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0">/</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.75522" y="0">2</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> or the paired phase at <svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:43.5625px;" id="M4" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.5625 14.6" width="43.5625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.6)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-60.32)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝜈</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.67,60.37)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">𝑇</tspan>
			</text>

			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-55.49,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>, are more
likely to describe the excited states of Fermi liquids at these filling factors. We point out to the
close competition between Fermi liquid and paired phases, which leads to the conclusion that in the
experiments only direct transitions from the correlated 111 and 331 states into Fermi liquid(s) are
likely to be observed.

Z. Papi&#263;

M. V. Milovanovi&#263;

<svg style="vertical-align:-2.53308pt" height="21.137501" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.6125 21.137501" width="12.6125" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,2,15)">
			<path id="x1D45D" d="M570 304q0 -108 -87 -199q-40 -42 -94.5 -74t-105.5 -43q-41 0 -65 11l-29 -141q-9 -45 -1.5 -58t45.5 -16l26 -2l-5 -29l-241 -10l4 26q51 10 67.5 24t26.5 60l113 520q-54 -20 -89 -41l-7 26q38 28 105 53l11 49q20 25 77 58l8 -7l-17 -77q39 14 102 14q82 0 119 -36 t37 -108zM482 289q0 114 -113 114q-26 0 -66 -7l-70 -327q12 -14 32 -25t39 -11q59 0 118.5 81.5t59.5 174.5z"/>
		</g>
	</svg>-Wave Pairing in Quantum Hall Bilayers

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<p><em>Advances in Condensed Matter Physics</em> publishes research on the experimental and theoretical study of the physics of materials in solid, liquid, amorphous, and exotic states.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Ulloa, is based at Ohio University and is a condensed matter theorist. His research is focussed on the electronic properties of nanostructures including quantum dots and nanowires, as well as proximity effects in 2D crystals.</p>


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Advances in Condensed Matter Physics