Research Article

Meeting the Challenge of Viral Disease Management in the US Wine Grape Industries of California and Washington: Demystifying Decision Making, Fostering Agricultural Networks, and Optimizing Educational Resources

Table 4

Results of the content analysis characterising decision-maker views of educational resources

Resource and codesFrequency mentioned (%)Cohen’s K

High-priority resources
 Extension educators
  Highly regarded for knowledge generation and dissemination741.0
  Provide support for disease management in multiple ways671.0
  Generate valued and trusted educational resources401.0
  Well connected to researchers and local industry261.0
  Consultants more appropriate for specific situations21.0
 Agricultural social network
  Shared experiences of disease management380.89
  Trusted and experienced peers330.80
  Information can be unreliable210.81
  Vit Women (CA) network praised for sharing information121.0
 Formal presentations
  Source of latest, high-quality information701.0
  Useful for teaching viticultural technicians, scouts, interns, and managers501.0
  Repetitive or do not like those about unfinished research310.95
  Promote informal social networking191.0
  Best combined with field days101.0
  Some researchers could be better presenters51.0
  Too busy to attend21.0
 Field days and interactive workshops
  Useful for learning to identify virus symptoms and vectors360.80
  Scheduling could be improved240.88
  Lack of these events for viruses171.0
  Friendly format that promotes informal social network120.88
  Not preferred learning style100.88
 Factsheets, newsletters, booklets, and pamphlets
  Used to train supervised employees and disseminated to other decision makers501.0
  Valued when from a reputable source360.90
  Valued when well presented290.94
  Highly convenient source of information211.0
  Information lacking in detail, misleading or quickly outdated100.88
Medium-priority resources
 Academic texts
  Journal pay walls make access difficult361.0
  Need to invest time to read and digest content331.0
  Source of latest high quality, relevant information261.0
  Identify key findings and justify decisions to others241.0
 Webinars and educational videos
  Convenient and efficient format480.86
  Source and quality of production important350.87
  Not preferred learning style260.82
  Lack of awareness (related to virus)190.82
  Used for training171.0
 Replicated research trials
  Reliable information with opportunity to access recent data and researchers211.0
  Provides information specific to own vineyard or region211.0
  Hard to get information on own vineyard from researchers101.0
  No interest: disruptive of operations or reluctant to share data51.0
 Paid consultants
  Good knowledge source380.81
  Variable in reliability191.0
  Good for teaching other staff about viruses121.0
  No point in having consultant141.0
  Can have conflicts of interest141.0
 Peer knowledge-sharing groups
  Valued for communications about virus management311.0
  Uncertain about effectiveness for disseminating knowledge141.0
  Promotes informal social network101.0
  Limited suitability in areas with polyculture or few neighbours101.0
  Could be more welcoming to organic growers71.0
Low-priority resources
 Social media
  Unsuitable for viruses690.82
  Accessibility potentially useful260.88
  Information unreliable190.86
  Used social media for virus information71.0
 Trade journals
  Information overly simplified or outdated310.94
  Provide overview of virus problems311.0
  Reliability questionable and opinion-based articles120.87
 In-house demonstration trials
  Vineyards lack expertise and resources for replicated trials240.93
  Useful for demonstration and exploration171.0
  Not essential or cannot see how applies to viruses141.0

The ratings and content analysis were used to categorize resources by priority, which was judged by evaluating their reach, persuasiveness, and impact. In the content analysis, the level of agreement between the researchers was determined using Cohen’s K calculation for inter-rater reliability, with sufficient agreement represented when a value of 0.80 or more was reached [57].