Friction Welding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys with Steel

Table 1

The parameters of friction welding and strength properties of joints of dissimilar materials (aluminium and aluminium alloys with steel or titanium).

No.	Welded materials	Rotational speed; [min^−1]	Friction pressure (shortening speed); 𝑝𝑡1/𝑝𝑡2 [MPa]; (𝑣𝑅, mms^−1)	Friction time; 𝑡𝑡1/𝑡𝑡2  [s]	Upsetting pressure; 𝑝𝑠  [MPa]	Shortening 𝑠𝑡/𝑠 [mm]	Tensile strength; 𝑅𝑚  [MPa]	Bending angle (toughness); [°] (Jcm^2)	Comments	Literature
1	Austenitic steel-aluminium	1300	4	1.5	23	3.4				[11]
		1500	75	0.5	134/259	4.5/28.7	107	Over 120	MR (Al)	incl.
			26/77	1.5/0.2	235	3.8/39	78		MR (Al)
		710	77	0.65	131	4.7/19.5				incl.
2	Austenitic steel-Al 0.5 Si 0.5 Mg alloy	1500	52/94	1.5/0.2	235	7.2/25.1	210	75		incl.
		1300	9.0	1.0	25	4.0			Tapered surface of steel	[11]
		1500	(1.0)	4.3	100	14.6	160	52		[12]
						12.7	169	51	Tapered surface of steel	[12]
3	Austenitic steel-AlMg3 alloy	1500	(1.0)	4.8	85	8.1	113	1.5		[12]
					120	13.0	197	1.3	Tapered surface of steel	[12]
			69/92	2/0.2	300	1.6/20.5		7		[13]
			85/96	1/0.3	239	1.2/13.7	207	11	AlMg3	[13]
			43/120	4/0.5	239	15/23	197	13	Scratches on the surface	[13]
		710	83	2.4/1.2	256	0.8/17		9		[13]
			38	2.4/60	256	0.3/21.7		0		[13]
4	Austenitic steel/aluminium-AlMg3 alloy*	1500	24/28	3/03	81	1.6/14.1	90	Over 120	Al-35 mm	[13]
							107		Al-25 mm	[13]
							128		Al-8 mm	[13]
							185		Al-3 mm	[13]
5	AlCuMgNi-42CrMo4	720	104/121	1.0/0.2	300	0.6/4	98			[14]
		1500	107/124	1.0/0.2	200	0.5/2.9	102			[14]
		720	41/96	4.0/0.9	160	3.5/4.2	114			[14]
		1500	41/96	4.0/0.85	160	5.6/7.4	54			[14]
		720	41/96	4.0/0.85	160	5.6/7.4	54			[14]
		720 (D1)	41/93	4.0/0.9	161	3.2/4.1	198			[14]
		720 (D2)	41/90	4.0/0.85	161	3.4/4.6	0			[14]
6	42CrMo4-nickel	720	24/55	2.0/18.35	81	1.1/2.0				[14]
7	42CrMo4/nickel- AlCuMgNi*	720	41/92	4.0/0.9	161	4.4/5.1	211			[14]
		720	41/103	4.0/0.85	200	6.8/9.8	235			[14]
		720 (R)	41/122	4.0/0.9	242	9.7/13.6	265			[14]
		720 (RW)	41/114	4.0/0.9	223	5.9/9.5	272			[14]
8	AlMg3-titanium	1500	69/91	2.4/0.2	200	3.2/11.6	205.4	120		[13]
9	Al.-AlMg3	1500	24	3.03	80	2.4/18.1	72	120	MR Al	[13]
10	AlMgSi0.5-AlMg3	1500	52/94	1.5/0.2	235	7.2/25.1	210	75	MR Al	incl.
			35/40	3/0.3	120/134	3.2/17.6	210	120	MR Al	incl.

Upsetting time (𝑡_𝑠1,𝑡_𝑠2) = 10 s
D—joints additionally subjected to diffusion welding at parameters: 1—5000°C, 2 min, and pressure 5 MPa; 2—550°C, 40 min, and pressure 5 MPa; R—nickel surface with high roughness parameters; W—joint subjected to heat treatment (680°C, 1 h, vacuum oven); incl.—own investigations; MR (Al)—during the tensile test the breaking of the specimen has occurred at the aluminium side; *—3-T welding, where “/” means first welded material and “—” means second welded material.