| | Category | Typical materials |
| | Natural crystals | Berlinite (AlPO4), sucrose, quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, and tourmaline-group minerals | | Natural materials | Bone, tendon, silk, wood, enamel, dentin, DNA, and viral proteins | | Synthetic crystals | Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), and diisopropylammonium bromide (DIPAB) | | Synthetic ceramics | BaTiO3, PbTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, KNbO3, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, Na2WO3, ZnO, Ba2NaNb5O5, Pb2KNb5O15, and so forth | | Lead-free piezoceramics | (K,Na)NbO3, BiFeO3, Bi4Ti3O12, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, and so forth | | Polymers | Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) | | Organic nanostructures | Self-assembled diphenylalanine peptide nanotubes (PNTs) |
|
|
