A Modified Comprehensive Model for Piezoelectric Stack Actuators and Corresponding Parameter Identification Method

<div>Photographs of the PSAs fabricated by (a) gluing piezoelectric wafers and electrodes (type: PTBS200), (b) sintering piezoelectric ceramic wafers and electrodes layer by layer (type: WYDS0808020), and (c) direct sintering piezoelectric ceramic wafers and electrodes as a whole (the cofired technology) (type: P885.51).</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Figure 5

Figure 5: A Modified Comprehensive Model for Piezoelectric Stack Actuators and Corresponding Parameter Identification Method 