Preparation of Ag/Cu/Ti Nanofluids by Spark Discharge System and Its Control Parameters Study

<div>Titanium fluid UV-Vis analysis results. (a) <svg height="12.7847pt" id="M58" style="vertical-align:-3.44678pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.33792 22.2024 12.7847" width="22.2024pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="637" vert-adv-y="637"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.479,3.264)"><path d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z" id="g190-80"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="747" vert-adv-y="747"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,14.477,3.264)"><path d="M719 650H483V622C553 619 576 606 581 560C585 532 588 487 588 394V148H585L167 650H20V622C67 618 88 610 109 585C127 562 129 557 129 484V264C129 173 126 124 123 93C118 44 92 31 35 28V0H272V28C204 32 181 44 176 95C173 124 170 172 170 264V515H172L598 -9H629V394C629 487 631 532 635 563C639 606 663 619 719 622V650Z" id="g190-79"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="743" vert-adv-y="743"></glyph.data></g></svg>-<svg height="12.7847pt" id="M59" style="vertical-align:-3.44678pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.33792 25.201 12.7847" width="25.201pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="637" vert-adv-y="637"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.479,3.264)"><path d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z" id="g190-80"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="747" vert-adv-y="747"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,14.477,3.264)"><path d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z" id="g190-71"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="529" vert-adv-y="529"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,19.494,3.264)"><path d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z" id="g190-71"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="529" vert-adv-y="529"></glyph.data></g></svg> in geometric proportion; (b) <svg height="12.7847pt" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-3.44678pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.33792 22.2024 12.7847" width="22.2024pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="637" vert-adv-y="637"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.479,3.264)"><path d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z" id="g190-80"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="747" vert-adv-y="747"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,14.477,3.264)"><path d="M719 650H483V622C553 619 576 606 581 560C585 532 588 487 588 394V148H585L167 650H20V622C67 618 88 610 109 585C127 562 129 557 129 484V264C129 173 126 124 123 93C118 44 92 31 35 28V0H272V28C204 32 181 44 176 95C173 124 170 172 170 264V515H172L598 -9H629V394C629 487 631 532 635 563C639 606 663 619 719 622V650Z" id="g190-79"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="743" vert-adv-y="743"></glyph.data></g></svg> in progressive increase; (c) <svg height="12.7847pt" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-3.44678pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.33792 25.201 12.7847" width="25.201pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="637" vert-adv-y="637"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.479,3.264)"><path d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z" id="g190-80"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="747" vert-adv-y="747"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,14.477,3.264)"><path d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z" id="g190-71"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="529" vert-adv-y="529"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,19.494,3.264)"><path d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z" id="g190-71"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="529" vert-adv-y="529"></glyph.data></g></svg> in progressive increase.</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: Preparation of Ag/Cu/Ti Nanofluids by Spark Discharge System and Its Control Parameters Study 