Pullout Characteristics of Geosynthetics Reinforced Earth Using Multilayer Spreading Pullout Test

Table 1

Pullout test using pullout boxes of different size [21].

Researcher	Year	Pullout box size; (length × width × height)	Remarks
Palmeira and Milligan	1989	100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm	Large
		25 cm × 15 cm × 50 cm	Small
Dennes T. Bergado	1992	80 cm × 130 cm × 50 cm
Fannin and Raju	1993	130 cm × 64 cm × 60 cm
Farrag	1993	152 cm × 90 cm × 76 cm
Wilson-Fahmy	1994	190 cm × 91 cm × 110 cm
Cho and Kim	1995	140 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm
Abramento and Whittle	1995	68 cm × 30 cm × 62.5 cm
Alfaro and; Hayashi and Miura; and Watanabe	1995	150 cm × 60 cm × 40 cm
Ghosh and Bhasim	1996	50 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm
Ochiai	1996	60 cm × 40 cm × 20 cm
Sabit Adanur	1996	91 cm × 61 cm × 46 cm
Yei-Sain Lee	1996	60 cm × 35 cm × 24 cm
Lopes and Ladeira	1996	153 cm × 100 cm × 80 cm
Shin	1999	60 cm × 40 cm × 100 cm
Teixeira, Bueno and Zornberg	1999	150 cm × 70 cm × 48 cm
Ghionna. V. N.	2001	150 cm × 60 cm × 70 cm
Bang. Y. G	2001	60 cm × 60 cm × 30 cm
S. A. Aiban and S. M. Ali	2001	50 cm × 10 cm × 25 cm
Yuan Z. and J. K. Moore; and R. H. Swan	2002	150 cm × 60 cm × 30 cm
Nejad and Small	2005	30 cm × 26.5 cm × 37 cm
Abdelrahman, Ashmawy and Abdelmoniem	2007	120 cm × 70 cm × 116 cm
Hossain and Sakai	2007	15 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm
ASTM	2001	61 cm × 41 cm × 30 cm	Minimum standard
	2003	61 cm × 46 cm × 30.5 cm
GRI	1991	120 cm × 75 cm × 60 cm	Minimum standard
Kim, J. H	2016	100 cm × 40 cm × 90 cm	This study