Pullout Characteristics of Geosynthetics Reinforced Earth Using Multilayer Spreading Pullout Test

Table 2

Summary of pullout test apparatus and characteristics of materials [22].

Reference	Box dimensions (mm)	Soil characteristics		Soil; preparation	Surcharge; (kPa)
		Soil type	(kPa)–(°); grain size (mm)
Bonczkewicz & Christopher (1987)	1325 × 675 × 150	Sand-silt	= 35–43; PI = 6–21	Vibrator	35-70-100
Ochiai & Otani (1992)	600 × 400 × 400	Sand	= 36	Pluviation	25-50-75
Collin & Berg (1993)	2100 × 900 × 500	Sand-SP	= 28	Compaction	49-100
Yasuda & Marui (1993)	500 × 300 × 100	Volcanic ash	= 28–36; Dr = 30%	Compaction	20-100
Farrag & Griffin (1993)	1500 × 900 × 760	Clay	PI = 24	Vibrator	48.2
Razaqpur & Bauer (1993)	1040 × 230 × 380	Crushed stone	= 36–40; = 8 mm	Compaction	14-20
Wilson-Fahmy & Koerner (1993)	1900 × 9100 × 110	Sand	= 49; = 0.7 mm	Compaction	10-25; 51-100
Alfaro & Bergado (1995)	3230 × 700 × 700	Gravel-GW	= 41–45	Compaction	20-30-50
Lechshinsky & Kaliakin (1995)	600 × 200 × 300	Ottawa sand	= 40; = 0.25	Pluviation	17.2-34.2; 51-70-100
Raju & Fannin (1998)	3230 × 700 × 700	Sand	= 36; = 0.9	Compaction	4-20
Lopes & Lopes (1999)	1530 × 1000 × 800	Sand-gravel	= 40; = 1.2 mm	Compaction	50-100-200
Bolt & Duzynska (2000)	1600 × 600 × 360	Quartz	= 28–36	Compaction	25-50-100
Sugimoto & Alagiawanna (2003)	680 × 300 × 625	Sand	= 30; = 0.34	Pluviation	5-49-93
Nernheim & Meyer (2003)	1500 × 600 × 700	Sand-SP	= 30–43	Pluviation	30-45-60
Moraci &Recalcati (2004)	1700 × 600 × 680	Sand-SP	= 42–48; = 1.20	Compaction	10-25; 50-100
Fakharian & Nayeri (2007)	1200 × 600 × 600	Silica sand	= 34–40; = 1.20	Pluviation	15-25; 50-100