Determination of Residual Stress and Design of Process Parameters for Composite Cylinder in Filament Winding

Kang, Chao; Shi, Yaoyao; Deng, Bo; Yu, Tao; Sun, Pengcheng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1821342

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Model Verification Conclusion Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 1821342 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1821342

Determination of Residual Stress and Design of Process Parameters for Composite Cylinder in Filament Winding

Chao Kang,¹Yaoyao Shi,¹Bo Deng,¹Tao Yu,¹and Pengcheng Sun²

Academic Editor: Fabrizio Sarasini

Received23 Nov 2017

Accepted17 Jan 2018

Published29 Mar 2018

Abstract

As there is increasing usage of composite components with a closed-end shape, filament winding technology has been applied extensively in engineering practice. However, the residual stresses are readily caused by process parameters in composite manufacturing process. Hence, it is necessary to design the reasonable process parameters for obtaining the expected residual stresses. This study proposed a reverse derivation method to design the winding tension based on the residual stress model of the composite cylinder. To analyze the development of residual stresses, the thermal deformation behavior and a micromechanics model of resin shrinkage are considered to calculate thermal strains and instantaneous shrinkage strains of the hoop wound cylinder during the curing process. Combining the contribution of winding tension to the stresses, the simple model of residual stresses is established based on the superposition principle. Then inversely solving the analytic model, the design method of winding tension is illustrated to guarantee that the hoop wound cylinder with an inner liner has a uniform residual hoop stress. The model accuracy of residual stresses is validated by the destructive slitting experiment. The result indicates that the present model can be used to estimate the residual stresses and design the winding tension for the hoop wound cylinder.

1. Introduction

Advanced resin matrix composites have been widely used in aviation industry due to the special features such as high strength and stiffness, long life, and lightweight [1, 2]. As a kind of manufacturing process, filament winding was proposed to fabricate composite components. With the increased applications of composite wound components, there has been a growing desire for composites parts such as missile cones, rocket hull, pressure vessel, and other engineering fields [3, 4]. However, the residual stresses of composite part will be generated inevitably due to winding tension, thermal expansions, and chemical shrinkage reaction during the manufacturing process. It is well known that the high residual stresses will not only cause the microcracks and the eventual delamination between layers but also significantly reduce the ability to resist load [5–7]. Since the residual stresses of composite highly depend on the process parameters, it is necessary to investigate the stress development of composite components during the fabricating process.

Recently, a series of theoretical models have been developed for studying the stress state of the composite cylinder. Several researchers have previously investigated the development of stress induced by winding tension during the winding process based on the finite difference method and other numerical methods [8–10]. Nevertheless, the curing process is also a dominant factor which affects the residual stress distribution of composite during the whole manufacturing process. Therefore, based on the assumption of micromechanics, the thermal and chemical shrinkage stress models of the composite cylinder had been established during the curing process [11–14]. To accurately determine the residual stress model and predict the stress profile, some authors considered the coupling effects of winding tension and cure parameters on the residual stresses [15–18].

Compared with how to predict the residual stresses, designing process parameters to satisfy requirement of residual stresses has become more meaningful. Kim et al. [19] and Lee et al. [20] proposed a smart cure method to reduce the residual stresses in the thick wound composite cylinder by using finite element method. Ren et al. addressed a finite element strategy for simulating the winding process of the wound vessel with a metal liner. Then, the iterative search method was established to calculate the initial winding tension of any winding layer for ensuring the residual hoop stress uniform [21]. Wu and Zhang adopted the neural network method to determine the initial winding tension for ensuring the residual hoop stress of each layer consistency [22]. Xu et al. studied the residual hoop stress caused by winding tension and temperature. Based on the mix-mode method of elastic modulus, the design method of process parameters was addressed for the composite cylinder with a hot core [23].

As can be observed from the previous studies, the residual stresses of composite component have received tremendous attention. Besides, how to design process parameters has also been a crucial issue. However, it is noticed that most studies about the parametric design only involved the winding process or the curing process. Although a few works considered the whole manufacturing process, their models assumed composite as the isotropy material [23]. In order to improve the accuracy of the model of residual stresses, the wound cylinder is assumed as the transversely isotropic material in this article. Adopting the plane stress assumption and the micromechanics model, the analytic model of residual stresses for hoop wound cylinder with an inner liner is established by considering the shrinkage stress and thermal stress. Subsequently, the residual stresses of composite cylinder after mandrel removal are determined according to the stress equilibrium. Then, the destructive slitting experiment is performed to measure the residual stresses. The results show that the experimental data are consistent with the simulated value. Moreover, based on the theoretical model, the design method of the winding tension is proposed to ensure that the composite cylinder with an inner liner has a uniform residual hoop stress through the filament wound section.

2. Filament Winding Process

The residual stresses of wound cylinder depend on the manufacturing parameters and material characteristics [15]. Especially the stress state of composite cylinder is mainly affected by winding tension and curing processing parameters. Figure 1 displays the general manufacturing process of the fabricating composite component. The whole process includes the winding process and curing process. In the winding process, the prepreg tape is tightened through a magnetic powder brake controlled by a closed-loop system. Then, the tape is heated and compressed by the hot compaction roller. Subsequently, the hot-melted prepreg tape is wrapped onto the rotating mandrel. In the curing process, the degree of curing varies as the temperature of composite component changes. The whole manufacturing process is incomplete until the curing reaction is finished, and the temperature of composite component drops to the environment temperature.

(a)

(b)

3. Establishment of Residual Stresses

Through the above description of the prepreg tape winding process, it can be seen that the key parameters include winding tension, winding temperature, and pressure. Among these parameters, the winding tension affects the residual stresses significantly. The temperature can cause the thermal stress when the prepreg tape is heated by the hot compaction roller in the winding process. However, the thermal stress is released rapidly due to the viscous flow state of resin. Although the pressure is applied to improve the interface bonding strength, the pressure will be zero when the hot compaction roller gets back. Thus, assuming the residual stress induced by pressure will not be taken into account. In the curing process, it is found that the temperature gradient leads to thermal stress, and the shrinkage of composite volume causes chemical shrinkage stress [24]. Therefore, the influences of winding temperature and pressure on residual stresses can be ignored. The residual stresses, namely, the final stress state of the composite cylinder, can be derived according to the procedure shown in Figure 2. The first step is to obtain the total stress of composite with a mandrel in the filament winding process. It can be expressed aswhere σ^total is the total stress of composite with mandrel and is the stress caused by the winding process. and represent the thermal stress caused by temperature gradient and the chemical shrinkage stress induced by the curing reaction, respectively.

3.1. Stress Caused by the Winding Process

In this study, the following assumptions should be addressed to simplify the analysis: (a) the plane stress hypothesis is adopted during the modeling of the whole manufacturing process, (b) layers are visualized as discrete rings, and the stress for each layer is obtained based on the superposition principle, (c) the composite modulus is obtained based on the basic mixing rule in the modeling of the whole manufacturing process, and (d) the mandrel is made of an isotropic and linear elastic material.

In the winding process, consider a thick-walled cylinder with an inner radius of b, outer radius of r_j which represents the current winding layer, and a mandrel with an inner radius of a. The cylinder is treated as a transversely isotropic material under an axially symmetric load. As shown in Figure 3, the pressure force induced by winding tension imposes on the outer surface of the composite cylinder. Moreover, the stress state of the composite cylinder varies as the incoming prepreg tape is continuously wrapped on the substrate.

3.1.1. Mandrel Generalized Stiffness

According to the thick cylinder theory, the relationship between displacement and radial stress of mandrel can be written aswhere u_Mr and σ_Mr denote the displacement and stress of mandrel in the radial direction, _M is Poisson’s ratio of mandrel, A and B are constants, and r is the radius of mandrel.

Based on the winding process, the boundary conditions on the internal and external surfaces of mandrel can be expressed aswhere a and b are the internal and external radius of mandrel and P₁ is the external pressure.

Here, the generalized stiffness K is introduced in the radial direction, and it is defined as [25]

Substituting (2) into boundary conditions (3) and introducing the result and (2) into (4a), the generalized stiffness can be derived as

3.1.2. Stress of the Composite Cylinder

For the composite cylinder, the strains can be defined aswhere u_r is the radial displacement and ε_r and ε_θ represent the radial and hoop strains, respectively.

The corresponding linear constitutive equations of the thick composite cylinder arewhere E_r and E_θ are the radial and hoop elastic modulus, σ_r and σ_θ represent the stresses in the radial and hoop direction, and _r and _θ denote Poisson’s ratios of radial and hoop.

The mechanical equilibrium equation is

The following equation in u_r is derived by substituting (5) into (6) and substituting the obtained relationship into (7)where β² = E_θ/E_r.

The solution of the displacement can be given bywhere c₁ and c₂ are determined by the boundary conditions.

Inverting (6) and introducing (9) and (5) into it, the stresses of the composite cylinder are derived as

The coefficients are derived from the following equations:

The boundary conditions on the internal and external surfaces are given as follows:

Inverting (4a) and introducing the result into the continuity conditions, σ_r = σ_Mr = −P₁ and u_r = u_Mr at r = b. Therefore, (12a) can be rewritten as

By substituting (9) and (10a) into the above boundary conditions, (12b) leads towhere H₁ = Kb − S₁ and H₂ = Kb + S₂.

Substituting (13a) and (13b) into (10a) and (10b) yields

Based on the superposition principle, the total hoop stress of the ith layer in the composite cylinder is the sum of stresses caused by all of layers wrapped from the ith to nth layer after the winding process is completed. Thus, the final hoop stress of the composite cylinder induced by winding tension can be established as follows:where h is the thickness of the prepreg tape and F(r_i) denotes the winding tension per width for the ith layer.

Since the thickness of the prepreg tape is too thin, the numerical integration method is adopted to simplify (15), and then (14b) is substituted into it. The hoop stress of the composite cylinder can be derived aswhere ξ is the dummy variable of integration, m = r_n/b, and x = r_i/b.

Based on the superposition principle and combining (14a), the final radial stress of the composite cylinder can be given as

3.2. Stresses Induced by the Curing Process

After the composite cylinder is placed into the cure oven, the temperature of the composite cylinder rises gradually. Then, the degree of resin curing changes as the curing reaction occurs. A general formula to calculate the degree of cure is given as follows [26]:where A is the preexponential constant, t is the time, E_a is the activated energy, n is the reaction progression, and R and T are the gas constant and temperature, respectively.

In addition, the stiffness of the resin significantly depends on the degree of cure α. The expression for resin modulus can be written as [24]where and are the initial and fully cured resin modulus. Here, is generally assumed to be as an approximation [24, 27].

3.2.1. Thermal Stress

In the curing process, assume that the thermal stress just occurs in the cooling stage. To simplify the thermal stress analysis, the temperature difference between cure temperature and ambient condition is assumed as uniform. Thus, the resin is fully cured, and the resin modulus is . Effective coefficients of thermal expansion in the radial and hoop directions are calculated using the micromechanics model as [24]

The linear plane stress-strain relationship is adopted as follows:where a_r and a_θ are the radial and hoop coefficients of thermal expansion and ΔT is the difference between the maximum curing temperature and room temperature.

The corresponding strain-displacement relationships are

The equilibrium equation is

The following equation in is derived by substituting (20) into (21) and then substituting the obtained relationship into (22):where f₁ = (_θa_θ + a_r)E_r and f₂ = (_ra_r + a_θ)E_θ.

The solution of displacement can be given bywhere a₁ and a₂ are the constants determined by boundary conditions.

The boundary conditions on internal and external surfaces are given by

Combining (20), (21), (24), and (25), the thermal stress of each layer can be determined as

The parameters are defined by the following equations:

3.2.2. Chemical Shrinkage Stress

The resin shrinkage mainly depends on the degree of cure and the total volumetric shrinkage of the cured resin. Since the resin is a kind of isotropic material, the contraction for a unit cell in resin is uniform in each direction. The incremental shrinkage strain of resin can be calculated as follows [24]:where Δα is the increment of degree of curing with temperature gradient and V_sh is the volume shrinkage ratio.

Effective chemical shrinkage strains in the composite are calculated according to the micromechanics model. The incremental shrinkage strains of composite can be calculated as follows [24]:

Thus, analogously to the method for calculating the thermal stress, the chemical shrinkage stress can be determined as

The parameters are defined by the following equations:

3.3. Residual Stresses of the Composite Cylinder

Through the stress analysis in the above sections, the total stress σ^total of the composite cylinder with mandrel is composed of stress σ^wt, thermal stress σ^th, and chemical shrinkage stress σ^ch. It is well known that the wound components include two types: (1) for the composite cylinder with an inner liner, the liner is considered as the important part of the product. In this case, the inner liner is regarded as the mandrel. Therefore, the corresponding residual stress equals to the total stress σ^total. (2) For the composite cylinder after mandrel removal, the inner radius of the composite cylinder becomes a free surface and the radial stress vanishes. In this situation, the negative of the existing radial stress in the first layer is used as an internal pressure on the inner surface. The stress in the composite cylinder resulting from this internal stress is superimposed on the existing stress state in the layers. The solution can be calculated by choosing the constants in (10a) and (10b) to match the boundary conditions at r = b and σ_rM = 0 at r = r_n. It can be expressed aswhere is the total radial stress of the first layer in the composite cylinder with mandrel. Thus, the residual stresses of the composite cylinder are obtained by adding this stress to the total stress σ^total. Then, the residual stresses are written as follows:

4. Model Verification

4.1. Material and Parameter Setting

In order to verify the accuracy of the developed model, the experimental investigation is performed to compare with the numerical analysis. The material selected in this study is the glass/epoxy prepreg tape. The parameters are listed in Table 1. Epoxy resin kinetic parameters are listed in Table 2. In the manufacturing process, the winding temperature and environment temperature are 50°C and 16°C. The winding tension and pressure of hot compaction roller are set to 6.8 N/mm and 1000 N. The curing temperature is 174°C, the volumetric shrinkage of the epoxy resin is 1%, the winding pattern adopts hoop winding, the total number of layers is 70, and the thickness of the woven prepreg tape is set to 0.25 mm.

4.2. Sample Preparation

The test specimen is fabricated by the robot winding machine as shown in Figure 4. The positional accuracy is controlled by the Kuka robot system, and the mandrel is rotated at 5 rpm to wrap the prepreg tape. In addition, the process parameters such as winding tension, temperature, and pressure are controlled by SIMATIC S7-1200 PLC. In the curing process, it is well known that the stiffness of composite is affected by the instantaneous temperature of the composite cylinder. In order to measure the variation of instantaneous temperature, the thermocouples are embedded into the interlayer when the prepreg tape is wrapped on the mandrel. The thermocouples are linked to the multichannel temperature acquisition unit (ADAM4118). The temperature data are collected and saved by the upper computer through the RS-485 bus.

4.3. Measurement Method

In this experiment, a widely used slitting method is adopted to measure the actual residual stresses [28]. The method measures a relative hoop strain either on the inner surface or on the outer surface caused by the relief of the residual hoop stress on the slitting section of the composite cylinder. The approach assumes that the cut cylinder can be returned to its original shape by a pure moment. Thus, the residual stresses are equated as the stresses in the cut cylinder using curved beam bending theory. For the composite cylinder with homogeneous material, the residual stresses are written as follows [28, 29]:where a and b are inner and outer radius of the cylinder and M_r is the residual moment per width.

The opposite residual moment −M_r can be calculated from the boundary conditions of (34) at the inner surface or the outer surface where the relative hoop strain was measured during the slitting operation. The boundary conditions are expressed as one of the following equations [29]:where Δε_a and Δε_b are the measured relative hoop strains on the inner and outer surfaces and E_θ is the elastic constant.

4.4. Results and Discussion

In order to verify the residual stresses of the composite cylinder after mandrel removal, the residual stress distribution of the composite wound cylinder with an inner liner should be calculated first based on the model. The numerical results are shown in Figure 5. The residual radial stress increases as the radial coordinate is increased from the inner radius to outer radius. The maximum value of the compressive stress occurs at the inner radius. Similar to the radial stress, the maximum value of the corresponding hoop stress is also at the inner radius, and the hoop stress is tensile. Moreover, these stresses are more than one order of magnitude higher than those in the radial direction.

In this investigation, the strain gages were mounted on the center of inner surface in the hoop direction. The opposite side of gage was cut along the radial line by a hacksaw as shown in Figure 6. When the −M_r was large to close the cylinder, another cut was performed to remove a small slice of the composite cylinder so that the slitting section was free. After the composite cylinder was separated from the clamping fixture, the hoop strain was measured during the slitting experiment. Considering end face of slit maybe touch, the slice was set to 5 mm. The experimental result shows that the composite cylinder was closed, and the change of displacement was about 2.1 mm. The value of measured strain on the inner surface was −701 microstrain (m/m). Based on (34) and (35), the residual moment M_r can be obtained, and its value is 1401 N. Then, the residual stresses measured by the slitting method can be obtained based on (34). The values are shown in Figures 7 and 8. Based on the simulated results in Figure 5, the corresponding numerical results of residual stresses can be calculated according to (33) after the mandrel is removed.

Figure 7 displays the comparison of the residual hoop stress in the composite wound cylinder after mandrel removal between the experimental results and the predicted values. As shown in Figure 7, the maximum values in the experiment and model occur at the boundaries, where maximum tension at the inner radius and maximum compression at the outer radius. The maximal difference of hoop stress is 2.60 MPa which occurs at the outer radius, and the error is 9.0%. The results of model are basically consistent with the theoretical values. The residual radial stresses are shown in Figure 8. The distribution of the radial stress is similar to a sine wave with zero values at the boundaries. These stresses are tensile and low in magnitude, and the maximum value is around the neutral axis. The maximal difference of radial stress between the model and experiment is 0.14 MPa, and the corresponding error is 7.7%. It is observed that some discrepancies exist between the residual stresses calculated and measured in Figures 7 and 8, but the errors are still reasonable for predicting the residual stresses in engineering practice.

Compared with the residual stresses before mandrel removal as shown in Figure 5, the residual stresses after mandrel removal are lower in magnitude. Moreover, the radial stress distribution changes from compression to tension. The hoop stress varies from tension to both of tension and compression in the radial direction due to the stress reequilibrium.

5. Design of Winding Tension for the Composite Cylinder with an Inner Liner

In order to fully exploit the strength of fiber [30] and prevent the wrinkle defect, the process parameters must be designed to ensure that the composite cylinder with an inner liner has a uniform residual hoop stress through the filament wound section. In this study, the winding tension is regarded as the design object. The desired residual hoop stress of the composite cylinder with a liner is assumed as constant S. The residual radial stress can be expressed as follows:

Based on (16a), (16b), (26), (30), and (36) and inversely solving the analytic model, the winding tension can be derived as follows:

Here, the residual radial stress can be determined by the residual hoop stress. Thus, the residual hoop stress is only considered to design the winding tension. The desired residual hoop stress S is assumed as 60 MPa, and the values of process parameters mentioned in the previous section are adopted. In this study, the winding tension designed based on (37) is plotted in Figure 9. As depicted, the winding tension rises gradually as the radial coordinate is increased from the inner radius to outer radius. Figure 9 also shows the corresponding numerical result of the hoop stress. The residual hoop stress increases steadily to 60 MPa along the radial direction. Moreover, the minimum residual hoop stress is 59.4 MPa which satisfies the desired value within 1% of error. The result indicates that the method can be adopted to adjust the residual hoop stress through changing the winding tension along the thickness of the composite cylinder.

6. Conclusion

The residual stresses of the composite wound cylinder are highly sensitive to the winding and curing process. Based on the plane stress assumption, the analytic method is addressed to investigate the stress state of the composite cylinder. The results could be drawn as follows:(1)Based on the winding and curing process, the analytical model of residual stresses is established. This model can be applied to analyze the stress state of the composite cylinder before and after mandrel removal.(2)The variations of shrinkage strains and coefficient of thermal expansion are introduced to develop the residual stresses model. The numerical simulation and slitting experiment for the composite wound cylinder after mandrel removal are investigated. The analysis reveals that the maximal difference of radial stress between the model and experiment is 0.14 MPa around the neutral axis. The maximal difference of hoop stress is 2.6 MPa which occurs at the outer radius. Besides, the corresponding errors of hoop and radial stress at the maximal difference positions are 9.0% and 7.7%, respectively. The result indicates that the present model can be used to predict the residual stresses.(3)The design method of the winding tension is proposed according to the residual stresses model. To obtain the desired residual hoop stress of the composite wound cylinder with an inner liner, the designed winding tension is determined through inverting the residual stresses model. The numerical analysis is performed, and the maximum error was less than 1%. The result indicates that the method is feasible to design the winding tension.(4)The residual stress profile of the composite wound cylinder can be calculated conveniently by adopting the present model since the specific formulas of stresses induced in the whole process have been given. In addition, the winding tension designed based on the present model can be obtained directly rather than using iteration or search algorithm.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51375394).

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Copyright © 2018 Chao Kang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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