Measurement and Analysis of Settlement Induced by Rectangular Pipe Jacking in Silt Stratum

Table 4

Empirical values for ground loss ratios.

Types of soil	Ground loss ratio η (%)	Types of soil	Ground loss ratio η (%)
Clayey soil	0.5∼2.5	Newly deposited silty clay	2∼10
Hard clay	1∼2	Noncohesive soil (above groundwater level)	2∼5
Icy soil (without atmospheric pressure)	2∼2.5	Noncohesive soil (below the groundwater level)	2∼10
Icy soil (with atmospheric pressure)	1∼1.5	Artificial fill	>10