Estimating the Asphalt Binder Film Thickness Using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy

Table 3

Analytical models to estimate asphalt binder film thickness in HMA.

Analytical models to estimate asphalt binder film thickness in micron (μm)	Description
	Al-Khateeb [2]
	Read and Whiteoak [19]
	Debao et al. [20]
	Zaniewski and Reyes [21]
	Road Note 19 TRL Ltd., UK [22]
	Superpave series no. 2 (SP-2) [23]

FT_b, T_F, DA, T_f, F, and F_be stand for asphalt binder film thickness commonly measured in microns (10⁻⁶m) or (μm).