A Contemporary Review on Friction Stir Welding of Circular Pipe Joints and the Influence of Fixtures on This Process

Table 1

Different parameters are used to carry out the FSW process on various materials for good weld characteristics.

Materials	Tool pin profile	Thickness of plate	Rotational speed (rpm)	Tool travel speed (mm/min)	Physical appearance of joint	Mechanical properties		Ref
						Tensile strength (MPa)	Hardness (Hv)
NiTi/Ti6Al4V	Cylindrical	—	475	23.5	Tunnel defects	240	710	[71]
AA6061 and Ti6Al4V	Tapered cylindrical	3	1000	100	Good	147.5	—	[72]
Low carbon steel (St14)	Cylindrical	1.2–1.4	800–1400	60	Good	350	160	[73]
Stainless steel S32654	Tapered cylindrical	2.4	300–400	100	Good	895	378	[74]
High-zinc brass	Threaded cylindrical	3	450	16	Good	64.2	—	[75]
AA6061-T6 and AA2014-T6	Cylindrical	—	900	24	—	175	—	[76]
Az31B magnesium alloy	Cylindrical	3	630	63	No visible defects	204	70	[77]
AA5083	Taper cylindrical	2.5	900	16	No visible defects	103	—	[78]
	Square	2.5	900	16	Good	137	—
2219-T62 Al alloy	Tapered thread with 3-spiral flutes	12	300–500	60–100	Fine grains	305	105	[79]
AA6082-O	Tri-flute	5	1200	60	Good	77	—	[47]
AA2219	Threaded-cylindrical	6	1600	45.6	Good	220	96	[57]
	Square	6	1500–1700	45.6	Good	240	88	[43]