A Contemporary Review on Friction Stir Welding of Circular Pipe Joints and the Influence of Fixtures on This Process

Table 2

Consolidation of notable research works pertaining to the FSW of pipes.

Author	Pipe material	Pipe outside diameter (mm)	Pipe thickness (mm)	Type of pipe fixture	Mandrel type	Parameters studied	Properties studied
Lammlein et al. [100]	AA 6061-T6	106.88	5	Job rotating	Wedge	(i) Weld speed	(i) Tensile strength
Ismail et al. [101]	AA 6063	89	5	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Tool rotational speed	(i) Tensile strength
						(ii) Weld speed
Ismail et al. [102]	AA 6063	89	5	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Tool rotational speed	(i) Hardness
						(ii) Weld speed
Ismail et al. [103]	AA 6063-T6	100	5	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Weld speed	(i) Tensile strength
						(ii) Travel speed
Doos and Bashar [105]	AA 6061-T6	—	—	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Tool rotational speed	(i) Tensile strength
						(ii) Weld speed	(ii) Hardness
Senthil and Parameshwaran [106]	AA 6063	50	3	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Tool pin profile	(i) Tensile strength
						(ii) Tool rotational speed
Chen et al. [114]	Cu–AA 3003	19	1–1.5	Job rotating	Expanding mandrel	Constant	(i) Tensile strength
Khourshid and Sabry [107]	AA 6063	—	—	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Tool rotational speed	(i) Tensile strength
Ismail et al. [108]	AA 6063-T6	89	5	Job rotating	Fixed	(i) Constant	(i) Temperature during plunge
Maggiolini et al. [109]	AA 6082-T6	38	3.5	Job rotating	Wedge	(i) Retractable tool pin	(i) Tension-torsion loading
Giorjão et al. [118]	Super duplex stainless steel	184.3	8	—	—	(i) Tool rotational speed	(i) Tensile strength
						(ii) Weld speed	(ii) Hardness
						(iii) Axial load
Mosavvar et al. [119]	High-density polyethylene (HDPE)	63	5.8	Job rotating	Wedge	(i) Tool rotational speed	(i) Tensile strength
						(ii) Weld speed
						(iii) Tool offset