Lignin as Green Filler in Polymer Composites: Development Methods, Characteristics, and Potential Applications

Figure 3

Proposed pathway in synthesis of lignin-bisphenol A epoxy resin: (a) bisphenol A-epoxy resins, (b) cross-linking of lignin with epichlorohydrin, and (c) lignin-bisphenol A epoxy resin [110] (Copyright @ 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH, Germany).

(a)

(b)

(c)