Lignin as Green Filler in Polymer Composites: Development Methods, Characteristics, and Potential Applications

Table 2

Description of lignin as filler in lignin-based biocomposites.

Polymer matrices	A common limitation in fabrication	Possible application of lignin-based composites
PLA	The need for compatibilizer	Packaging, food packaging
PVA	The hydrophilic properties of PVA	Packaging, drug delivery system, biomedical, wound healing application, agricultural application
Cellulose	The need for compatibilizer	Seed coating
Starch	The hydrophilic properties of starch	Packaging, food packaging
Epoxy	The need for compatibilizer due to the incompatibility resulted in hydrophilic properties	Coating
Natural rubber	The need for compatibilizer due to the incompatibility resulted in hydrophilic properties	Tire industry, automotive devices
Polypropylene	The need for compatibilizer due to the incompatibility; the reduction in elongation; the susceptibility to microorganism	Automotive devices
Commercial adhesives	Difficulties in particles distribution	Filler in adhesives system