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| Utilization | Remarks |
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| Particleboard (advanced composite) | The addition of lignin into the particleboard can increase hydrophobicity, reduce thickness swelling and water absorption, and increase the density of particleboard [277]. |
| Rubber (reinforcing agents) | The lignin can improve mechanical properties, tensile strength, and thermal stability in rubber [245, 278]. |
| Filler in adhesives | Lignin is the initiator of cross-linking and condensation reactions, increasing the adhesive’s polarity and increasing the penetration of the wood veneer [279]. |
| Anticorrosion | Lignin can form self-cross-linking in the coating process, thermal stability, and hydrophobic properties increase after using silanized fraction lignin [280]. |
| Antimicrobial agents in packaging | Adding lignin to food packaging materials can increase antimicrobial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [281]. |
| Carbon fiber or carbon black | Adding lignin to the carbon fiber can increase the spinning performance. High and stable mechanical properties of carbon fiber at the lowest lignin composition [282]. |
| UV blocker | Lignin nanoparticles have higher antioxidants and higher efficiency in protection against Escherichia coli and as a good UV protector [283]. |
| Flame retardants | The addition of lignin to the refractory material can improve good thermal stability, increase the residual char, and has excellent coating properties when applied to films [284]. |
| Hydrogel | The addition of lignin into the hydrogel can increase the swelling of the hydrogel. Also, it can be applied as a colorant pollutant remover of soil and seed cultivation [285]. |
| Phenolic resin | Resin from depolymerization alkali lignin phenol-formaldehyde (DAPLF) has higher bonding properties, lower emission, and a faster curing rate [276]. |
| Polyurethane | The addition of lignin into polyurethane as a coating causes cross-linking reactions to increase thermal stability, moderate hydrophobicity in polyurethane coating, and mechanical properties [286]. |
| Lignin-based foam | Incorporating lignin in wood-polyurethane composite foams can increase the density and improve mechanical properties. In addition, it can improve thermal properties as indicated by increasing the mass of charcoal residue, as well as decreasing foam reactivity [287]. |
| Biomedical materials | The application of lignin in wound dressing hydrogels can accelerate wound healing and increase elasticity strength, protein absorption capacity, and the ability to regulate the wound environment in hydrogels [178]. |
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