Investigation of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AA6061/MWCNT/B<sub>4</sub>C Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite

Satishkumar, P.; Natarajan, N.; Saminathan, Rajasekaran; Hillary, J. Justin Maria; Birhanu, Biru; Alguno, Arnold C.; Capangpangan, Rey Y.; Raj, Vishnu; Livingston, Stephen

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1684169

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Advanced Materials for Promoting Sustainability

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 1684169 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1684169

Investigation of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AA6061/MWCNT/B₄C Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite

P. Satishkumar,¹N. Natarajan,²Rajasekaran Saminathan,³J. Justin Maria Hillary,⁴Biru Birhanu,⁵Arnold C. Alguno,⁶Rey Y. Capangpangan,⁷Vishnu Raj,⁸and Stephen Livingston⁹

Academic Editor: Pudhupalayam Muthukutti Gopal

Received21 Jul 2022

Accepted05 Sept 2022

Published30 Sept 2022

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, in particular, have been the subject of many recent studies since their discovery in the early 2000s. Because of their unusual properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have piqued the interest of scientists across a wide range of disciplines. An Al matrix was reinforced with powder metallurgy-fabricated B₄C and CNT composites. The nanocomposite aluminium matrix was examined for tribological behaviour, density, stiffness, and compressive strength before and after hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Scanning electron microscopy and TEM were used to analyze the carbon nanotubes and their hybrid counterparts (SEM). The density of nanocomposites was reduced by 38% without HIP but by 45% after it was added to the mixture. Hardness was also increased by 40%, but following HIP, the hardness rose to 67%. Before and after HIP, the compression strength increased by 39% and 60%, respectively. HIP improves the wear rate by 45%, and B₄C and CNTs improve the coefficient of friction by 20% in all volume fractions but only by 48% in the case of nanocomposites.

1. Introduction

Composite materials have replaced monolithic substances in the minds of material scientists looking to improve mechanical qualities and develop high-tech equipment [1]. A clean interface separates the components of composite materials, which are made up of two or more chemically stable materials [2–4]. Due to their superior rigidity and strength, composites have replaced traditional materials [5]. Continuous fibres, discontinuous fibres, and particles can reinforce composites consisting of metal or polymer components [6, 7].

Among carbon nanotube’s mechanical properties are stiffness and strength measurements in the 1000 GPa range and heat conductivity measurements in the 100 GPa range [8, 9]. Carbon nanotubes were used by [10] to strengthen magnesium alloy powder composites. They utilized a zwitterionic surfactant solution to evenly disperse the CNTs throughout the magnesium alloy. While CNTs have been proven to increase tensile and yield stress, they have also been demonstrated to reduce elongation. The researchers [4] investigated wet sliding wear on hybridized nanocomposites of AlSi–2.5wt% CNTs–10wt% SiCp. Hybrid nanocomposites can be used as reinforcement to increase wear resistance [11].

To make MWCNTs/Ti composites, they employed sorted coacervation and SPS (spark plasma sintering) (3 wt.%) [12]. MWCNT reinforcements and a dense structure worked together to reduce yield strength before a considerable increase in sintering temperature was reached [13, 14]. For this hypo-eutectic AA356–Si alloy, [15] researchers studied its microstructure and dry sliding wear characteristics. Compared to monolithic alloys, A356/MWCNT alloys showed superior wear resistance [15]. In a CNT alloy composite, [16] used squeeze casting to examine Al and Mg. Nanostructures enable new features and capabilities that are more efficient or impossible with more extensive structures and machinery [17, 18].

HMMC with nano/microsized strengthening has only been studied in the literature for a modest amount [19–22]. The authors [23] examined the squeeze casting of Al/SiC/graphite hybrid MMCs. Compounds reinforced with boron carbide-reinforced graphite exhibited identical coefficients of thermal expansion, even after adding graphite to improve dimensional stability [24, 25]. Increased graphite content condensed the heat conduction of hybridized composites. Researchers [26] investigated the wear resistance of B₄C/Sic/Al hybrid composites. They initiate that the coefficients of friction of the mixtures gradually rise as the reinforcing weight percentage increases [27, 28].

There was a slight decrease in wear resistance with an increase in B₄C wt %, but the friction coefficient did not change [29]. The impact of hybridizing carbon nanotubes and B₄C on the mechanical properties of Al 6061 composites has not previously been studied using powder metallurgy [30]. Consequently, powder metallurgy was employed in the current investigation to generate the aluminium matrix reinforced with boron carbide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [31]. Powder metallurgy has used a range of aluminium powders and CNT volume fractions to significant effect. For pre- and post-HIP, the tribological, density, stiffness, and compressive strength performance of the aluminium matrix nanocomposite were studied [32–34].

2. Material

The multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) employed in this study were synthesized using an electric arc discharge with 99%. The average diameter of MWCNTs is 10–12 nm, and the length is 1–20 m. Boron carbide (B₄C) has a Young’s modulus of 300 GPa, a tensile strength of 150 GPa, and a density of 3.3 g/cm³. This project uses an aluminium matrix with a purity of 99.36%. Nanotech Corporation provided the MWCNTs and B₄C. Table 1 lists the chemical compositions of various types of boron carbide (B₄C).

3. Experimentation

3.1. Manufacturing of B₄C/MWCNT Composites

The initial stage was to manufacture the samples by employing ball milling at 280 rpm for 30 hours on six samples of Al 6061 and hybridized strengthening (CNT and B₄C) with various attentiveness proportions, as indicated in Table 2.

The cylinder-shaped specimens, 12 mm long and 10 mm wide, were physically crushed using hydraulic pressing with a volume of 40,000 kg and a pressure of 500 MPa utilizing a double-action die. This was followed by 0.5 hours of degassing at 200°C and 2 hours of sintering at 600°C. The samples were kept in the oven until they reached room temperature for this experiment. Samples were then subjected to a HIP (Figure 4) for two hours at 600°C under 250 MPa. An hour of heating at 600°C at a pace of 20°C/min brought the process to a close.

3.2. Hardness Test

The mechanical properties of composite materials can be defined in part by their hardness. A Vickers hardness machine is used to conduct the hardness test (Figure 5). Six readings were collected along the polished specimen’s cross-section with a Zwick/Roell model hardness tester to get the average result. ASTM −17 was used to conduct the tests on the specimens.

3.3. Compression and Density

We used SHIMADZU universal testing equipment to evaluate the samples to conduct a compressive strength test (UH-F500KN). In this investigation, the cross-head speed of the universal test machine employed was 3 mm/min, which is the area of the specimen. The temperature was set at 25°C for the experiment. According to ASTM D1217-15, Archimedes’ rule was used to determine the density of the specimens [35]. Specimens were weighed in air and distilled water according to MPIF standard 42, 1998, and the density (D) was then calculated using the Archimedes methodology with water as the floating liquid.

3.4. Tests on Wear

A pin-on-disc tribometer was employed to conduct wear tests on the sintered specimens (Figure 6). According to Figure 6, materials can be tested for friction and wear under various loads using the T.E. 79 multi-axis tribometer. The machine can execute ASTM G99 [36] tests in pin-on-disc mode. Cylinders of 12 mm and a diameter of 10 mm were employed in the experimentation.

4. Results and Discussions

Figure 1 depicts the XRD form of the CNT, as shown in the figure. According to the diffraction peaks, graphene sheets buckle together and form multiwalled nanotubes due to their concentric cylindrical structure. The reflection is seen as a sharp peak at 26.5 in the pattern [37].

Nanoadditive dispersion in aluminium was tested using SEM. The SEM was utilized for characterizing powder metallurgy-produced aluminium composites for microstructure and dispersion. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Al 6061 can be seen in Figures 2(a). Figure 2(b) shows a scanning electron microscope image of Al 6061 in the presence of boron carbide. Table 1 displays the oxidation states of aluminium and MWCNTs at various molar concentrations, as seen in Figure 2. (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 % wt.). Figure 2(b) shows that the Al 6061 contains a small amount of boron carbide (10wt. %). The compressive strength of the composites can be improved with the help of the B₄C [38].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Boron carbide and its various concentrations have been studied using the Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). As shown in Figure 3, the EDX of Al 6061 looks like this. Figure 3(b), on another end, shows that the atomic contribution of element O is 8% due to the inclusion of B₄C in the matrix. A carbon nanotube composite was used to add the element of C to Figures 3(c)–3(f). Each of these graphs has a different percentage of C: 5, 12, 21, and 37%. Boron carbide, which promotes interfacial attachment and increases the mechanical characteristics of hybridized composites, was shown to have been formed by the high carbon peak [39].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

4.1. Comparison of Density before and after HIP

By comparing the densities before and after hot isostatic pressing, the actual density of hybrid composites was calculated. When compared with aluminium alloy and B₄C, the concentration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes was increased by decreasing the density, as shown in Figure 4. On the other hand, the actual density of the composite before HIP is less than the density of hybrid composites after HIP. It also clearly reveals that the ideal percentage of MWCNT was 2% by giving the best value of density.

4.2. Actual Density before and after Hot Isostatic Pressing

Figure 5 shows the experimental results of AA 6061/B₄C/MWCNT composites in the Vickers hardness test. It clearly shows that raising the volume fraction of MWCNT results in a higher value for hardness after HIP and before HIP which gives the best optimum result of about 2.5% volume fraction. The high hardness value and hard B₄C/MWCNT particles mat attribute to the strengthening effect. It is shown in the table that the maximum hardness value before hot isostatic pressing is 42.31 HV at 2.5% of multiwalled carbon nanotube and after hot isostatic pressing is 50.1 HV at 2.5% of MWCNT. The low hardness value before hot isostatic pressing is 37.39 HV at 1% of multiwalled carbon nanotube and 46.12 HV at 1% of MWCNT after HIP, respectively.

4.3. Variation of Reinforcement Particles in Volume Fractions

Table 3 shows compression test results for AA6061/boron carbide/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites before and after hot isostatic pressing. By increasing MWCNT, the value of the compression stroke decreases, as shown in Table 3. In all scenarios, the compression value attained after HIP is comparable to that of the value attained before HIP. The before and after compressed specimens are ductile materials meant for AA6061/B₄C/MWCNT.

4.4. Effect of Reinforcement Particles on the Friction Coefficient and Wear of Hybrid Composites

After 15 minutes at 250 rpm and 20 N of force applied, the coefficient of friction for the powder metal was calculated by calculating the pin on the disc setup. Figure 6 illustrates the COF of produced hybrid composites. From Figure 6, by adding B₄C to aluminium the COF of hybrid composites was reduced. Also, with the addition of various concentrations of MWCNT to B₄C and aluminium, the COF shows high improvement after HIP [40, 41]. In the case of with and without HIP, the COF for nanocomposites is raised by 39% and 48%, respectively. Whereas with HIP, wear rates were improved by 45% at all volume concentrations, and with B₄C and CNT, wear rates were improved by 20% at all volume fractions. Figure 7 shows the wear rates before and after hot isostatic pressing.

5. Conclusion

By using a powder metallurgy process, AA6061 with hybrid composites was fabricated and characterized by compression, tribology, hardness, and density tests before and after HIP. Based on morphological and test results, the tribological and mechanical characteristics were enhanced, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes and boron carbide were dispersed uniformly and homogeneously in AA6061. The self-lubricating effect of B₄C and the creation of a carbon coating on the surface increases the tribological and mechanical characteristics of hybridized composites compared to AA6061. In all the experimental results, the best percent of multiwalled carbon nanotube was 2.5wt%. The excess B₄C and MWCNT were added to the composites, which inimically affect the composites due to the lack of wettability of the matrix. The tribological and mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites were increased by 39%, 45%, and 65%, respectively. Qualities of the composites like friction, wear, hardness, and compression strength were enhanced by hot isostatic pressing. As a result, HIP showed more effectiveness in composites without heat treatment due to sealed pores in the samples.

Data Availability

All required data are available within the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

A. Gnanavelbabu, V. Arunachalam, K. T. Sunu Surendran, and K. Rajkumar, “Optimization of machining parameters in CNC turning of AA6061-B4C-CNT hybrid composites using grey-fuzzy method,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 764, no. 1, p. 012010, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Gnanavelbabu, P. Saravanan, K. Rajkumar, S. Karthikeyan, and R. Baskaran, “Effect of abrasive waterjet machining parameters on hybrid AA6061-B4C- CNT composites,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 13438–13450, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yang, B. Pu, X. Zhang, J. Sha, C. He, and N. Zhao, “Manipulating mechanical properties of graphene/Al composites by an in-situ synthesized hybrid reinforcement strategy,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 123, pp. 13–25, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wang, Y. Su, C. Qiu et al., “Mechanical behavior and interfacial micro-zones of SiCp(CNT) hybrid reinforced aluminum matrix composites,” Materials Characterization, vol. 189, p. 111982.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Sun, P. Zhai, Y. Chen, J. Zhao, and Z. Huang, “Hierarchical toughening of laminated nanocomposites with three-dimensional graphene/carbon nanotube/SiC nanowire,” Materials Today Nano, vol. 18, p. 100180.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Bommana, T. R. K. Dora, N. P. Senapati, and A. S. Kumar, “Effect of 6 Wt.% particle (B4C + SiC) reinforcement on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminum hybrid MMC,” Silicon, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 4197–4206, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Van Trinh, J. Lee, B. Kang, P. N. Minh, D. D. Phuong, and S. H. Hong, “Mechanical and wear properties of SiCp/CNT/Al6061 hybrid metal matrix composites,” Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 124, p. 108952.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Narasimmalu and R. Sundaresan, “Experimental study on surface characteristics in μeD milling of Al6063%-5%B4C-5%ZrSiO4composite using TOPSIS method,” Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 015040, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. B. Moustafa, A. Melaibari, G. Alsoruji, A. M. Khalil, and A. O. Mosleh, “Tribological and mechanical characteristics of AA5083 alloy reinforced by hybridising heavy ceramic particles Ta2C & VC with light GNP and Al2O3 nanoparticles,” Ceramics International, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 4710–4721, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Riaz, T. Mnazoor, and A. Raza, “Fabrication and characterization of AA6061/CNTs surface nanocomposite by friction stir processing,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 105, no. 1–4, pp. 749–769, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Singh, R. K. Mishra, and B. Singh, “Mechanical characterization of eggshell ash and boron carbide reinforced ZA-27 hybrid metal matrix composites,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 236, no. 3, pp. 1766–1779, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Das, M. Chandrasekaran, S. Samanta, P. Kayaroganam, and J. Paulo Davim, “Fabrication and tribological study of AA6061 hybrid metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC/B4C nanoparticles,” Industrial Lubrication & Tribology, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 83–93, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Thamizhvalavan, N. Yuvaraj, and S. Arivazhagan, “Abrasive water jet machining of Al6063/B4C/ZrSiO4 hybrid composites: a study of machinability and surface characterization analysis,” Silicon, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1093–1121, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ganesh, N. Arunkumar, K. Elavarasan, and R. Sathish, “Experimental investigation of friction and wear behavior of al7075-TiO2-B4C using RSM, ANN and desirability function,” International Journal of Vehicle Structures & Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 41–46, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Dharmalingam, P. Satishkumar, P. Pitchandi, and N. Natarajan, “Investigation of mechanical, morphological studies and electrochemical micro holing process parameters on Al6061-SiC-Gr hybrid metal matrix composites,” International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems, vol. 25, no. 3/4, pp. 430–441, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Qiu, Y. Su, J. Yang et al., “Microstructural characteristics and mechanical behavior of SiC(CNT)/Al multiphase interfacial micro-zones via molecular dynamics simulations,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 220, p. 108996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. G. Chandrashekhar, D. P. Girish, and K. A. Ashok, “Optimization and prediction on the mechanical behavior of granite particle reinforced Al6061 matrix composites using deer hunting optimization based DNN,” Silicon, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Muniyappan and N. Iyandurai, “Structural morphology, elemental composition, mechanical and tribological properties of the effect of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles on A.A. 2024 hybrid metal matrix composites,” SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing, vol. 15, no. 2, 203 pages, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Radha Krishnan, R. Theerkka Tharisanan, V. Arumuga Prabu, P. Immanuel, and A. Ramakrishnan, “Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of Al7075-Al2O3-B4C composite via stir route,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 64, pp. 1721–1724, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Abebe Emiru, D. K. Sinha, A. Kumar, and A. Yadav, “Fabrication and characterization of hybrid aluminium (Al6061) metal matrix composite reinforced with SiC, B4C and MoS2 via stir casting,” International Journal of Metalcasting, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Rajkumar, K. Ramraji, M. Aamir Qureshi, and A. Gnanavelbabu, “Tribo-effectiveness of co-equal concentration of hard and soft particulates in aluminium matrix,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 62, pp. 1233–1237, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. J. M. Hillary, R. Sundaramoorthy, R. Ramamoorthi, and S. J. S. Chelladurai, “Investigation on microstructural characterization and mechanical behaviour of aluminium 6061 – CSFA/sicp hybrid metal matrix composites,” Silicon, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Xu, Q. Shan, J. Hu et al., “The oxidation resistance mechanism of SiC-B4C-xAl2O3 ceramics at 1400 ℃ in air atmosphere,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2618–2629, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Ramadoss, K. Pazhanivel, A. Ganeshkumar, and M. Arivanandhan, “Microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of B4C/BN-reinforced Al7075 matrix hybrid composites,” International Journal of Metalcasting, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Kareem, J. A. Qudeiri, A. Abdudeen, T. Ahammed, and A. Ziout, “A review on aa 6061 metal matrix composites produced by stir casting,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 175–222, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. R. J. Hynes, S. Raja, R. Tharmaraj, C. I. Pruncu, and D. Dispinar, “Mechanical and tribological characteristics of boron carbide reinforcement of AA6061 matrix composite,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 42, no. 4, p. 155, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Anwar, M. Khan, M. U. Farooq et al., “Effect of B4C and CNTs’ nanoparticle reinforcement on the mechanical and corrosion properties in rolled Al 5083 friction stir welds,” Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, pp. 1–10, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Suthar and K. Patel, “Corrosion behaviour of Mg, graphite-, B4C and Ti-reinforced hybrid aluminium composites,” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Chand, P. Chandrasekhar, S. Roy, and S. Singh, “Influence of dispersoid content on compressibility, sinterability and mechanical behaviour of B4C/BN reinforced Al6061 metal matrix hybrid composites fabricated via mechanical alloying,” Metals and Materials International, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4841–4853, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ayyanar, A. Gnanavelbabu, K. Rajkumar, and P. Loganathan, “Studies on high-temperature wear and friction behaviour of AA6061/B4C/hBN hybrid composites,” Metals and Materials International, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 3040–3057, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Carvalho, G. Miranda, M. Buciumeanu, M. Gasik, F. S. Silva, and S. Madeira, “High temperature damping behavior and dynamic Young’s modulus of AlSi–CNT–SiCp hybrid composite,” Composite Structures, vol. 141, pp. 155–162, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Satishkumar, C. Saravana Murthi, R. Chebolu et al., “Optimizing the mechanical and microstructure characteristics of stir casting and hot-pressed AA 7075/ZnO/ZrO2 composites,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2022, pp. 1–18, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Dirisenapu, L. Dumpala, and S. P. Reddy, “Parametric optimisation of tribological characteristics of novel Al7010/B4C/BN hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites using taguchi technique,” Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, pp. 1–13, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Tomiczek, L. A. Dobrzañski, and M. Macek, “Effect of milling time on microstructure and properties of AA6061/MWCNTS composite powders/wpływ czasu mielenia Na strukturę I własności proszk ów kompozytowyc H AA6061/MWCNTS,” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 3029–3034, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Du, M.-J. Tan, J.-F. Guo, and J. Wei, “Friction stir processing of Al-CNT composites,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol. 230, no. 3, pp. 825–833, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. N. Travessa, G. V. B. da Rocha, K. R. Cardoso, and M. Lieblich, “Carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum matrix composites produced by high-energy ball milling,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 2998–3006, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. P. e. a. L Prabhu et al and S. Satish Kumar, “An application of CCD in RSM to obtain optimize treatment of eccentric-weave friction stir welding between polyether-ether-ketone polymer and AA 6061-T6 with reinforced multiwall,” International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 739–754, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Sharma, H. Fujii, and J. Paul, “Influence of reinforcement incorporation approach on mechanical and tribological properties of AA6061- CNT nanocomposite fabricated via FSP,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 59, pp. 604–620, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. S. Sridhar Raja and V. K. Bupesh Raja, “Optimization of wear behaviour in aluminium reinforced boron carbide composite using Taguchi technique,” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 6390–6395, 2015, ISSN 0973-4562.
View at: Google Scholar
K. S. Sridhar Raja and V. K. Bupesh Raja, “The Corrosion behaviour of boron carbide reinforced aluminium metal matrix composite,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 22, pp. 10392–10394, December 2015, ISSN 1819-6608.
View at: Google Scholar
K. S. Sridhar Raja and V. K. Bupesh Raja, “Production and characterization of boron carbide reinforced aluminium A356 composites,” International Journal on Design and Manufacturing Technologies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 29–32, 2013, ISSN 0973-9106.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 P. Satishkumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

599

Downloads

423

Citations