Investigation on Forestry Wood Wastes: Pyrolysis and Thermal Characteristics of Ficus religiosa for Energy Recovery System

Table 2

Properties of the bio-oil.

Properties	Standard	Feedstock materials
		Ficus religiosa	Pine chips [35]	Lemongrass [36]	Hardwood [37]	Diesel [38]
Density (kg/m^3)	ASTM D445	1005	1200	1010	1220	850
Viscosity (cSt)	ASTM D4052	7.2	28	7.2	13	3.9
pH	ASTM D7946	3.6	2.4	4.1	#	#
Flash point (°C)	ASTM D92	130	95	150	66	57
Elemental compositions (wt%)
C	ASTM D5373	44.23	45.7	52.14	47.54	86.5
H		8.4	7.0	7.2	7.8	13.2
N		0.81	0.1	0.61	0.5	0.02
S		0.22	0.02	0.1	0.1	0.24
O	By difference	46.34	47.00	39.95	44.06	—
Heating value (MJ/kg)	ASTM D445	18.3	17.2	19.40	18.63	43.6

#—not reported.