Recent Progress on the Implementation of Renewable Biodiesel Fuel for Automotive and Power Plants: Raw Materials Perspective

Table 3

Comparison of the various methods used in the conversion of refined oil to biodiesel.

Method	Advantage	Disadvantage	Reference
Transesterification	(i) High conversion efficiency	(i) Has a side reaction (by-product); (ii) The resulting biodiesel must be neutralized and cleaned of dirt which tends to be a lot; (iii) Difficulty in product reaction separation	[21]
	(ii) Economical
	(i) The biodiesel produced has almost the same characteristics as petrodiesel
	(ii) This technology is very suitable for use in industry
Reactive distillation	(i) The process is simple	(i) Requires great energy; (ii) The oil conversion process is greatly influenced by the efficiency of the catalyst	[17]
	(ii) Product separation available
	(iii) Able to produce biodiesel from feedstock with high FFA content
	(iv) Only requires a small amount of methanol in the process
Catalytic distillation	(i) Product separation tends to be easy	(i) The use of solvents and the rate of oil conversion depend on catalyst recovery	[17]
Microemulsion	(i) The process is simple and easy	(i) Low volatility	[84]
		(ii) Poor stability
Microwave technology	(i) Rapid reaction	(i) The residue of the postproduction catalyst must be removed	[85]
	(ii) Not much heat loss	(ii) The efficiency of the catalyst significantly affects the biodiesel conversion process
Pyrolysis	(i) The process is simple and easy	(i) Costly; (ii) Requires a very high temperature; (iii) Low purity quality	[86]
	(ii) It does not cause emissions
Superfluid method	(i) No need for a catalyst	(i) Costly; (ii) Requires large amounts of energy	[87]
	(ii) Short-lived reaction
	(ii) High biodiesel conversion efficiency