Experimental Study on Temperature Field Evolution Mechanism of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation under Groundwater Seepage Flow

Table 1

Physical and thermal properties of gravel soil.

Dry density (g/cm^3)	Porosity	Specific gravity	Permeability coefficient (m/d)	Freezing temperature (°C)	Thermal conductivity (W/(m^2·°C))	Specific volume heat (m^2/(s·°C))
1.883	0.3	2.69	60	−0.04	1.07	1.30