Experimental Study on Temperature Field Evolution Mechanism of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation under Groundwater Seepage Flow

Table 2

Experimental parameters in prototype and physical modelling.

Initial formation temperature (°C)	Arrangement of freezing pipes	Temperature of the brine in freezing pipes (°C)	Groundwater seepage flow rate (m/d)	Freezing duration (h)
20/(20)	Three freezing pipes are arranged horizontally at intervals of 20 cm/(100 cm)	−20/(−20)	0 (saturated)	48/(1200)
			1.25/(0.25)
			2.50/(0.50)
			3.75/(0.75)
			5.00/(1.00)

Note. The parameters listed in the bracket ( ) are the prototype parameters in this study.