Indirect Estimation of Swelling Pressure of Expansive Soil: GEP versus MEP Modelling

Table 5

Summary of papers regarding number of observations used for the development of AI models.

Reference	Artificial intelligence model	Investigated material	Ratio of training/validation	Target variable	Number of input variables	Number of observations	Ratio of observations/input variables
Le et al. [122]	ANN	Soil	70/30	UCS	6	118	19.67
Pham et al. [123]	GEP	Soil	67.7/32.3	UCS	11	1138	103.45
Özdemir [124]	GP	Rock	66.7/33.3	UCS	3	30	10
Mozumder and Laskar [125]	ANN	Soil	70/30	UCS	8	283	35.4
Yan et al. [126]	GEP	Soil	65/35	Resilient modulus	7	97	13.85
Tinoco et al. [127]	ANN and SVM	Soil	—	UCS	9	444	49.33
Eyo et al. [128]	ANN and its metaheuristics	Soil	75/25	Expansion	9	517	57.44
Current study	GEP and MEP	Soil	70/30	Swelling pressure	10	200	20