Assessment of Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastes as Potential Biosorbents: A Review

Table 6

Kinetic parameters as predicted by the well-established sorption models.

Biosorbent	Target ion/compound	Kinetic model	𝑞 (mg/g)	Rate constant*	pH/temperature (°C)/time (min)	Co (mg/L)	Reference
Local dairy sludge	Pb(II); Cd(II)	Pseudo-second order	117.6; 44.4	0.27; 4.2	5.0/20°C/500	200; 100	[129]
Wine processing sludge	Cr(VI)	Pseudo-second order	2.42	0.070	4.2/50/240	100	[73]
Wine processing sludge	Ni(II)	Pseudo-second order	3.11	0.226	5.5/50/120	45	[76]
Desiccated coconut	Hg(II)	Pseudo-second order	447.03	—	7.4/30/60	50	[100]
Pecan nut shells (C. illinoinensis) biomass	Acid Blue 74 (AB74)	Pseudo-first	3.271	0.02	6.5/30/500	1000	[132]
	Reactive Blue 4 (RB4)	Pseudo-second	10.010	4.35∗10^−4	6.5/30/1000
	Acid Blue 25 (AB25)	Pseudo-second-order	4.892	7.15∗10^−3	6.5/30/500
Spent brewery grains	AG25 dye	Pseudo-second order	74.63	0.038	3.0/30/75	90	[70]
Beer brewery diatomite waste (SDE)	Methylene Blue basic dye	Pseudo-second order	4.92	1.24	7.0/25/1440	2.5	[81]
Antibiotic waste P. mutilus	Basic Blue 41	Pseudo-second order	90.91	0.0042	8.0-9.0/30/60	70	[119]
Macrofungal waste from antibiotics	Cd(II)	Pseudo-second order	82.8	0.0014	5.0/20/15	200	[120]
Fennel biomass (Foeniculum  vulgare)	Cd(II)	Pseudo-second order	9.30	0.476	5.0/30/50	100	[123]
Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.	Reactive Red 198	Pseudo-second order	81.97	0.036	2.0/20/20	—	[86]
Nonliving biomass Aspergillus  awamori	Cu(II)	Pseudo-first order	35.00	0.077	5.0/20/180	25	[125]
Corynebacterium; glutamicum	Reactive Black 5; RB5	Pseudo-second order	370.00	9.4∗10^−5	1.0/25/500	2000	[127]
Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.	Acid Red 57 dye	Pseudo-second order	89.49	0.21	2.0/20/20	150	[91]
Fruit waste macrofungi Flammulina  velutipes	Cd(II)	Pseudo-first					[130]
	Pb(II)	Pseudo-second order	13.04	2.17	6.0/25/60	10
Orange (Citrus sinensis)	Cr(III)	Pseudo-second order	10.97	0.002	5.0/25/4320	100	[102]
Pectin-rich fruit wastes (lemon peels)	Cd(II)	Pseudo-second order	13.92	0.021	5.0/—/50	19.2	[133]
Orange waste	Cd(II)	Elovich	333.33 (1/𝛼)	0.004 (1/𝛽)	6.0/25/60	100	[94]
Mangifera  indica (mango) seed kernel particles	Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye	Pseudo-first order	115	0.0461	8.0/30/120	175	[98]
Rhizopus oligosporus biomass	Cu(II)	Pseudo-second order	69.82	0.002	5.0/30/120	100	[85]
Crushed olive stone wastes	Pb(II)	Pseudo-second; order	1.12	0.141	5.5/20/60	18.86	[105]
	Ni(II)		0.25	3.000		4.48
	Cu(II)		0.26	7.497		4.35
	Cd(II)		0.72	0.121		10.56
Olive stones	Cd(II)	Pseudo-second order	0.903	3.196	11.0/80/20	10	[106]
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge	Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye	Pseudo-second order	5.54	0.0072	7.6/27/4320	10	[111]
Olive pomace	Methylene Blue (MB) dye	Pseudo-second order	—	0.0906	—/25/240	10	[109]
Tea industry waste	Cd(II)	Pseudo-second order	10.6	0.02	7.0/25/180	100	[72]
Pineapple peel, an agricultural effluent	Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye	Pseudo-second order	104.17	0.22×10^−3	6.0/30/400	300	[91]
Okra food waste	Cd(II); Fe(II); Zn(II)	Pseudo-second order	17.54; 20.42; 14.99	0.009; 0.008; 0.013	—/20/90	20	[88]
Activated carbon derived from exhausted olive waste cake	Lanaset Grey G	Pseudo-first order	106.4	0.0019	6.0/25/3000	150	[113]
Activated carbon from tea industry waste (TIWAC)	Cr(III)	Pseudo-second order	0.464	1.52	6.0/—/30	0.01	[115]
Sugar industry (waste bagasse)	Cd(II); Fe(II)	Pseudo-first order	—	9.3∗10^−5; 7.2∗10^−5	—/20/90	20	[89]
Sugarcane bagasse waste	Methylene Blue (MB)	Pseudo-second; order	192.31	0.0012	8.0/25/600	200	[78]
	Gentian Violet		357.14	0.00005	8.0/25/900	300

∗Units depend on the fitting kinetic model and are indicated in Table 4.