Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Toxicity in Human Lung Cells: Role of ROS Mediated DNA Damage and Apoptosis

Figure 6

Mitochondrial membrane potential alteration and apoptosis induction by CeO₂ NPs in A549 cells after 24 h exposure. Cells were exposed to 1 μg/mL–100 μg/mL concentration of NPs, harvested, and stained with JC-1 dye for MMP (Figure 6(a)) and annexin V-FITC/PI for apoptosis (Figure 6(b)). Cells were subjected to flow cytometry and values from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM) were reported (^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01 compared to control).

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