N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Supplementation Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats through Transcriptional and Nontranscriptional Mechanisms

Figure 3

Effects of SA on hepatic mRNA levels of (a) insulin receptor (Insr), insulin receptor substrate (Irs) 2, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), (b) glucokinase (Gck), potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11), and pyruvate kinase-liver isoform (L-Pk), and (c) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase C, zeta (Prkcz), inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IκBKβ), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 in HFD-fed rats. Groups are the same as Table 1. Different letters on bars representing each group indicate a statistically significant difference ().

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