Combination Treatment with PPARγ Ligand and Its Specific Inhibitor GW9662 Downregulates BIS and 14-3-3 Gamma, Inhibiting Stem-Like Properties in Glioblastoma Cells

Figure 1

Structures of chemicals. (a) Ciglitazone (CG), C₁₈H₁₉N₃O₃S, and MW 357.428. (b) Rosiglitazone (RS), C₁₈H₂₃NO₃S, and MW 333.44. (c) GW9662 (GW), C₁₃H₉ClN₂O₃, and MW 276.7. (d) Effects of CG and RS on protein levels of PPARγ. (e) and (f) combined treatments with PPARγ ligand and GW9662 decreased sphere-forming activity and viability in A172 and U87 spheres. After treatment with PPARγ ligand (CG or RS) with or without GW at the indicated concentrations for 48 h, spheres were photographed under an inverted microscope, cellular viability was measured using an assay kit and (g) spheres per field were counted as described in Materials and Methods. Scale bars: 100 μm. , , and versus control group without treatment. , , and versus only GW treated group.

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