Scientific Evidence of Rice By-Products for Cancer Prevention: Chemopreventive Properties of Waste Products from Rice Milling on Carcinogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo

Table 7

Anticancer effect of rice by-products in vivo.

Author(s)	Year	Components	Findings
Yasukawa et al. [112]	1998	Rice bran cycloartenol ferulate	Suppressed tumor promotion in 2-stage skin carcinoma in ICR mice.
Kawabata et al. [113]	1999	Rice germ	Suppressed ACF formation and reduced incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma.
Mori et al. [114]	1999	Rice germ	Reduced the numbers of ACF/colon, ACF/cm^2, and aberrant crypts/colon in the group treated with AOM + GABA-enriched defatted rice germ (2.5% in diet) and the group treated with AOM + rice germ (2.5% in diet) compared with that of the group treated with AOM alone. Inhibited AOM-induced large bowel neoplasms incidences in Fisher 344 rats.
		Ferulic acid and defatted rice germ	Reduced the incidence of tongue carcinomas and preneoplastic lesions in Fisher 344 rats.
Mori et al. [115]	2000	Rice germ and GABA-enriched defatted rice germ	Suppressed AOM-induced ACF and colon carcinogenesis in rats.
Cai et al. [97]	2005	Tricin from rice bran	Reduced the number of intestinal adenomas via the suppression of COX activity and inhibited PGE2 production.
Kim et al. [100]	2007	Methanol extract of rice husk	Decreased colonic preneoplastic ACF formation by 35%.
Verschoyle et al. [8]	2007	30% rice bran	Reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas in mice.
Kawasaki et al. [116]	2008	Rice bran hemicellulose	Inhibited the total number of colon tumors and tumor incidence in Fisher 344 rats.
Boateng et al. [117]	2009	Rice bran	Dietary administration of 5% and 10% of rice bran significantly () reduced the AOM-induced colon tumors incidence in male Fisher 344 rats after 44 weeks of feeding.
Panala et al. [118]	2009	Rice bran oil	Inhibited incidence of ACF in Fisher 344 rats.
Wang et al. [119]	2009	Defatted rice bran sulfated polysaccharide (SRBPS2a)	Suppressed implanted EMT-6 breast tumor cells growth in BALB/c mice.
Norazalina et al. [96]	2010	Rice bran phytic acid	Reduced the number of ACF in the distal, middle, and proximal colon.
Li et al. [120]	2011	Rice bran	Suppressed the number of ACF and expression of COX-2 in the middle colon.
Shih et al. [121]	2011	Rice bran oil	Suppressed colon tumor formation, mucin-depleted foci, and ACF especially sialomucin-producing ACF in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine/dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis-associated colon cancer after 13 weeks of feeding.
Kim et al. [122]	2012	Rice bran γ-oryzanol	Inhibited colon tumor growth in mice.
Choi et al. [123]	2013	10% (w/w) black and brown rice brans	Inhibited the colon transplanted tumors in mice.
Shafie et al. [124]	2013	Rice bran phytic acid	Markedly reduced β-catenin and COX-2 expression in colon tumors.
Tan et al. [55]	2014	Brewers’ rice	Markedly reduced colon tumor in rats.

ACF: aberrant crypt foci; AOM: azoxymethane; APC: adenomatous polyposis coli; COX: cyclooxygenase; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; PGE₂: prostaglandin E₂.