Risk Factors of Recurrence and Malignant Transformation of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

Table 3

Review of the literature on particles which may be potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of IP, recurrence, and malignant transformation.

Particles evaluated	Potential role	Literature
Antigen Ki-67,; survivin,; Bcl-2	Elevated expression of antigen Ki-67 as a marker of malignant transformation of IP	Tsou et al., 2014 [17]
	Ki-67 may reflect activity of the tumor cells’ proliferation and may be used to measure IP proliferation rate	Meng et al., 2014 [18]
	Higher expression of Ki-67 antigen in IP than in an inflammatory condition	Mumbuc et al., 2007 [19]
	Positive correlation of nuclear (noncytoplasmic) immunoexpression of survivin and antigen Ki-67 and oncoprotein Bcl-2 in both evaluated tumors: IP and SCC	Stasikowska-Kanicka et al., 2013 [20]
	Immunoexpression of survivin, antigen Ki-67, and oncoprotein Bcl-2 was substantially higher in SCC than in IP and the controls	Stasikowska-Kanicka et al., 2013 [20]; Lu et al., 2014 [21]
	Nuclear survivin and immunoexpression of antigen Ki-67 were substantially higher in IP group as compared to the controls	Stasikowska-Kanicka et al., 2013 [20]
Wnt proteins	Proteins of Wnt pathway, such as beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and Dvl-1 may have a key role in IP malignancy. Their levels correlate with IP stage	Jung et al., 2015 [22]
Metallothionein 2A	Protein involved in proliferation and infiltration mechanisms may be associated with pathogenesis of IP and also with increased local malignancy in IP	Starska et al., 2015 [23]
CCAAT or C/EBPs proteins	Significantly higher amount of C/EBP-alpha expressed upon IP recurrence than in primary tumor	Shabana et al., 2013 [24]
C/EBP and CK10	They may be valuable markers of IP recurrence	Yaun et al., 2015 [25]
E-Cadherin and -catenin	Markers helpful in monitoring of IP transformation into a malignant tumor	Koo et al., 2011 [26]
Proteins p16, p53, EGFR, and cyclin D1	Markers potentially helpful in monitoring of IP patients	Lin et al., 2013 [27]; Yamashita et al., 2015 [28]; Chao and Fang, 2008 [29]; Mumbuc et al., 2007 [19]
PLUNC	Elevated expression in IP with multiple recurrence	Tsou et al., 2014 [17]
SCCA	Elevated level of SCCA correlates with IP, which; can be used postoperatively for early or hidden recurrence diagnosis	Matoušek et al., 2014 [30]; Suzuki et al., 2012 [31]; Yamashita et al., 2016 [32]; van Zijl et al., 2017 [33]; Yasumatsu et al., 2005 [34]
SCCA2/SCCA1	Can be helpful to detect SCC malignant transformation in IP patients	Suzuki et al., 2012 [31]