Impact of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Education Intervention on Health-Promoting Behaviors and Health Status of Postmenopausal Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study from Sri Lanka

Rathnayake, Nirmala; Alwis, Gayani; Lenora, Janaka; Lekamwasam, Sarath

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4060426

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Background Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Ethical Approval Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 4060426 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4060426

Impact of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Education Intervention on Health-Promoting Behaviors and Health Status of Postmenopausal Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study from Sri Lanka

Nirmala Rathnayake,¹Gayani Alwis,²Janaka Lenora,³and Sarath Lekamwasam⁴

Academic Editor: Robert J. Lee

Received31 Jul 2019

Accepted19 Nov 2019

Published16 Dec 2019

Abstract

Health promotion through lifestyle education is an important measure to enhance health status of postmenopausal women (PMW). This study evaluated the effectiveness of health-promoting lifestyle education intervention (HPLEI) on adhering to health-promoting behaviors (HPB) and enhancing the health status in a group of Sri Lankan PMW. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with randomly selected, sociodemographic status matched, 72 PMW from two geographically separated areas in Galle District, Sri Lanka, allocated as experimental (n = 37, 54.6 ± 4.5 years) and control (n = 35, 56.5 ± 3.4 years) groups. Education intervention focused on postmenopausal health management including lifestyle modifications was performed only for the experimental group during 8 weeks, and a health education package was provided. The control group was not given any planned education programme. Both groups were followed up for a 6-month period. HPB and menopausal symptoms severity were evaluated by validated Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II and Menopause Rating Scale, respectively. Anthropometric adiposity indices (AAIs) including weight, body mass index (BMI), waist (WC) and hip (HC) circumferences, and waist to hip ratio (WHR); cardiovascular disease risk indicators (CVDRI) including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol and triglycerides, muscle strength; hand grip strength (HGS) and physical performance (PP); gait speed (GS) were measured. All parameters were evaluated before the intervention (baseline) and after follow-up of 6 months. All evaluated parameters were not different between experimental and control groups () at the baseline. In the follow-up evaluation, HPB (), menopausal symptom scores (), AAI (), CVDRI (SBP, DBP, and FBS) () and HGS and GS () were significantly improved in the experimental group but not in the control group. Health education intervention focused on health-promoting lifestyle modifications is effective in improving the adherence to HPB and enhances the health status in PMW. This provides positive impact in lifestyle medicine.

1. Background

Health promotion is “the fundamental strategy in health care that implies changes in behavior and the adoption of patterns that promote good health in order to improve the quality of life (QOL) of the people.” [1] The main goal of health promotion is achieving healthy lifestyle behaviors [2] known as “health-promoting behaviors” (HPB). HPB are important for the empowerment of individuals for achieving optimum health and preventing diseases [3–5].

Menopause is a significant landmark in the reproductive life of women, and hormonal changes at menopause create a multitude of structural and functional changes in postmenopausal women (PMW). These include menopausal symptoms [6], changes in anthropometric adiposity indices (AAI) [7], cardiovascular disease risk indicators (CVDRI) [8], muscle strength, and physical performance (PP) [9]. These changes have the potential to progress to debilitating chronic diseases and functional disabilities [10–14] in later life.

Unhealthy lifestyles such as lack of physical activities, improper dietary practices, and poor stress relief aggravate the consequences of hormonal changes in PMW leading to impaired QOL [10, 14]. Therefore, educating PMW on suitable lifestyle modifications is a need in this period of life [15]. Regular training or education programs on healthy lifestyle are vital to promote health in general and QOL [16, 17]. Positive lifestyle changes such as physical activity and dietary modifications have clear benefits on many aspects of life in PMW, including physical and emotional changes, sleep, and cardiovascular health [18].

Health education improves health literacy and develops life skills. In educating PMW, it is important to identify methods which are effective, practical, and affordable. Furthermore, they should be able to accommodate such education programmes in their daily routine work. Despite the clear benefits which education programmes have shown in previous studies, there is a paucity of studies conducted in Sri Lanka on this vital area. The average age of a Sri Lankan women attaining menopause is between 49 and 51 years. Considering the female life expectancy of 78 years, a woman has to spend approximately three decades in her life in the postmenopausal period. Therefore, overall health and well-being of PMW have become a major global public health concern and need strict attention with proper guidance to enhance the health status. Hence, this intervention study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a health-promoting lifestyle education intervention (HPLEI) on adhering to HPB and enhancing health status in a group of PMW in Sri Lanka.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design, Participants, and Setting

This quasi-experimental study was designed, as a part of a main study “Effects of menopause on bodily structure, functions and physical health,” conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. Among the 18 public health midwifery (PHM) division (the smallest primary health care unit of the country) of Bope-Poddala medical officer of health (MOH) area, Galle, 5 PHM divisions were selected randomly for the main study with 166 PMW. Of the 5 PHM divisions, 2 divisions were selected randomly for the “experimental group” and another 2 geographically separated PHM divisions were selected randomly for the “control group” to minimize the contamination. One PHM division was excluded from this intervention. The two groups were matched for age, age at menopause, time since menopause, and sociodemographic status.

Sample size for the HPLEI was decided by comparing the QOL before and after an education intervention among PMW in Iran [19], using the formula N = (Z_α/2+Z_β)² ∗ (σ1² + σ2²)/(μ1 – μ2)². After adding 10% for dropouts, the minimum required sample size was 42 PMW in each group. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 42 women were allocated to the experimental group and 38 women were allocated to the control group.

Postmenopausal status was considered on self-stated menstrual history based on the classification of Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) [20] which is the cessation of menstruation within the previous 12 months after last menstruation. Women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), disorders related to musculoskeletal and nervous system, and gait or balance problems were excluded. Also women aged 60 years or more or premature menopause (menopausal age <40 years) and menopause secondary to surgery or drug therapy were excluded from the basic screening study.

Consenting women educated at least up to grade 5, time since menopause ≥2 to ≤7 years, and physically and mentally healthy were included in the current study.

During the study, in the experimental group, two women died and three women were unable to participate continuously. Three women from the control group left the study due to changing residences. Finally, 37 women from the experimental group and 35 women from the control group completed the study (n = 72).

2.2. Health-Promoting Lifestyle Education Intervention

HPLEI was carried out for 8 weeks (June to July 2017), and printed health education package including lifestyle modifications was provided at the end for the experimental group. Structure of sessions, objectives, content, and teaching materials were designed by the research team with contributions from a panel including a gynecologist, physician, nutritionist, and sports physician. Teaching materials were prepared to suit the subjects without technical terms and inclusion of visual images. Timing of sessions was decided with the mutual agreement between participants and the principal investigator, and they were contacted a day prior to the scheduled session. All the sessions were conducted as a group activity led by the principal investigator, and each group comprised a maximum of 10 women. Printed materials detailing the session objectives and activities planned were provided to subjects before sessions. Duration of sessions was 1 hour: 40 minutes for educating and 20 minutes for summarizing and feedback.

HPLEI comprised menopausal symptom management, healthy diet, healthy physical exercises, and spiritual support, individualized to suit them. Available remedies for troublesome menopausal symptoms were informed. Dietary advices were individualized based on BMI and activity pattern. Daily caloric requirement was arranged as BMI <18.5 kg/m²: 35 kcal/kg/day; 18.5 BMI 23.9 kg/m²: 25–30 kcal/kg/day; and BMI >24 kg/m²: 20–25 kcal/kg/day [21]. Further adjustment in diet was done according to the current physical activity level. Proportion of energy was carbohydrate 55–65%; fat 20–30%; and protein 10–15%. The energy distribution of meals was breakfast 20%; lunch 40%; dinner 20%; and snacks 20%. Physical exercises were of three types: continuous walking (30 min × 5 days per week), strength training exercise for limbs (8–10 times × 3 times per day × 3 days per week), and balance training exercise (8–10 times × 3 times per day × 3 days per week). Apart from dietary advices and physical activities, they were asked to engage in relaxation exercises such as meditation for 10 minutes daily, reading books, listening to music, and engaging in religious activities.

The control group was not exposed to any planned education programme and continued as normal, however maintained the contacts with them regularly. Both groups were followed up strictly for 6-month period (August 2017–January 2018) after finishing the education sessions. All the steps of the study are shown in the flow diagram (Figure 1).

2.3. Evaluations of HPB and Menopausal Symptom Severities

Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HLPL-II) and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) were used to evaluate the HPB and menopausal symptom severities, before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and after 6 months of follow-up in women in both the groups.

HPLP-II [22] contains 52 items under six subscales (health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management) to measure the frequency of HPB. MRS assesses 11 menopausal symptoms and their severity categorized into three independent subscales (somato-vegetative symptoms, psychological symptoms and urogenital symptoms) [23]. Both HPLP-II [24] and MRS [25] have been validated locally.

2.4. Evaluation of AAI, CVDRI, Muscle Strength, and PP

AAI, CVDRI, muscle strength, and PP were evaluated before the intervention and 6 months after the follow-up.

AAI measured were body weight (kg), body mass index (BMI, kg/m²), waist (WC) and hip (HC) circumferences (cm), and waist to hip ratio (WHR). Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg while wearing light clothes, and standing height was measured without footwear and recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm with a calibrated stadiometer (NAGATA, Tainan, Taiwan). WC and HC were measured using a plastic nonstretchable tape to the nearest 0.1 cm. All the measurements were obtained adhering to standard protocols [26] by a single investigator.

CVDRI measured were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and lipids: total cholesterol and triglycerides. Biochemical analyses were performed using Mindray (BA–88A) semi auto chemistry analyzer (China) with the expert technical assistance under standard laboratory conditions.

Muscle strength was measured as the hand grip strength (HGS, kg) of the dominant hand using Lafayette hand held dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument Co. Ltd, Sagamore Parkway North, USA) [27]. PP was measured as gait speed (GS, m/s), the time taken to walk the central 4 meters of an 8-meter course at usual self-selected pace. The initial and final 2 meters were excluded from the calculation to eliminate the effects of acceleration and deceleration. Both HGS and GS tests were done twice, and the average of two measurements was used for the analyses [27].

2.5. Statistical Analyses

For the final analysis, only 72 women were included (experimental group = 37 and control group = 35). Descriptive data are presented as means, standard deviations (SD) and for continuous data and categorical variable as frequencies and percentages (%). The data gathered in all questionnaires were analyzed with the standard guidelines provided by the respective authors and publishers [22, 23].

The differences of age and sociodemographic characteristics, AAI, CVDRI, muscle strength, and PP between experimental and control groups were compared using independent sample t-test and chi-square test of independence. The differences of HPB and menopausal symptoms scores within experimental and control groups in three consecutive evaluations were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA test with Bonferroni correction to eliminate the effect of time factor. The differences of AAI, CVDRI, muscle strength, and PP within experimental and control groups in two evaluations were analyzed by the paired sample t-test. Furthermore, the difference between the variables obtained at the end of 6 months of follow-up was further evaluated with one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) while eliminating the effect of basic characteristics such as age and baseline values of each variable.

Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 20.0 version, and value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Basic Characteristics of Participated Women

Basic characteristics of experimental and control groups are shown in Table 1. Age, age at menopause, time since menopause, and sociodemographic characteristics were not different between experimental and control groups (all ).

There was no significant difference of HPB scores, menopausal symptom scores, AAI, CVDRI, HGS, and GS between experimental and control groups () at the baseline ( values are not shown).

3.2. Changes of HPB, Menopausal Symptoms, and Measured Variables of Experimental and Control Groups in Three Stages of Evaluation

HPB: all the subscales scores of HPB were higher at the end of intervention when compared with baseline values () in the experimental group. In the control group, physical activity () and stress management scores () showed an increase while health responsibility () and spiritual growth () showed a decrease. Nutrition and interpersonal relations remained unchanged () (Table 2).

Menopausal symptoms: in the experimental group, all the menopausal symptom scores showed a reduction at the end of intervention (). In the control group, however, these symptom scores increased with time () (Table 2).

AAI: all the measured AAIs showed a reduction () in the experimental group, whereas in the control group, they were increased () at the end of intervention (Table 3).

CVDRI: in the experimental group, SBP, DBP, and FBS showed a significant reduction at the end (). Lipids, total cholesterol and triglycerides, were also reduced; however, there was no significant difference between the two evaluations (). In the control group, SBP and DBP increased significantly at the end (). Furthermore, nonsignificant increments of FBS and total cholesterol () and reduced triglycerides () were observed in the same evaluation (Table 3).

HGS and GS: HGS and GS improved () at the end of intervention in the experimental group. However, in the control group, HGS did not change with time () and GS deteriorated () (Table 3).

Between-group comparison at the end of 6 months of follow-up showed an improvement of all subscales of HPB (), all menopausal symptom subscales () (Table 2), all AAI (), CVDRI, DBP (), FBS (), and HGS and GS () (Table 3) in the experimental group compared to the control group during intervention.

The results did not materially change even after controlling the effect of age and baseline characteristics with the one-way ANCOVA (Tables 2 and 3).

4. Discussion

The current study revealed that HPLEI helped the PMW to establish good living habits, relieve from troublesome menopausal symptoms, and enhance significant improvements in AAI, CVDRI, muscle strength, and PP that will enhance the general health and QOL.

Our observations are consistent with many studies which reported the effectiveness of health education interventions focused on health-promoting lifestyle modifications. The findings of education interventions based on lifestyle modifications were effective in improving menopausal symptoms, and HPB [28–31] of PMW is consistent with that of the current study. A Chinese study also showed that a 12-week intervention helped the PMW to change HPB positively [32]. Positive effects of healthy lifestyle interventions leading to a reduction in menopausal symptoms have been observed in the experimental group of PMW in many studies [31–34]. After attending a series of health-related presentations, weight reduction [34–36] in PMW in the experimental group has been observed. Significant improvements in CVDRI such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, and FBS have been observed in PMW in few studies [35, 36]. Several studies have also shown that muscle strength and PP can be improved through lifestyle changes [37–40] in elderly women.

Positive impact of education interventions that focused on the lifestyle management in improving different aspects of health status of PMW seen consistently emphasizes the benefits of such intervention regardless of study population, duration, and intensity of the programme. Furthermore, we chose a six-month follow-up period that is reasonably a longer duration of follow-up compared to other studies [31–33], and continuous evaluation and monitoring of study participants were also helpful for observed positive outcomes.

We also observed that some HPB such as physical activity and stress management have increased in the control group too. This would be due to the fact that they may have gained knowledge from outer sources such as relatives, friends, media, and personal experience, since we could not control external stimuli, even though we did not provide any planned education to the control group.

Overall, we observed the prominent positive changes in adhering HPB and improvement of menopausal symptoms and structural changes such as AAI. However, the positive changes of HGS, GS, and CVDRI that are functional changes were not as prominent as structural changes. It is suggested that positive lifestyle changes would cause structural changes early; however, to achieve lasting functional changes, more time would be required. Furthermore, evaluation of HPB and menopausal symptoms through a self-administered questionnaire would provide exaggerated positive results; therefore, approaches such as qualitative interviews would be more beneficial in such evaluations.

Even though the literature consists of plenty of studies focused on improvement of HPB and menopausal symptoms following lifestyle education intervention, there is a paucity of literature on evaluation of AAI, CVDRI, muscle strength, and PP. Therefore, the current study would add valuable information to both local and global communities on enhancing the health status of PMW through lifestyle education and strengthen the literature related to the area of study.

The complications of menopause can be reduced if women are health literate, have necessary skills, and know how to use them effectively. This study provides a positive and effective strategy to treat and rehabilitate PMW, which is a nonhormonal, noninvasive, and low-cost management option. This would be an option for women who suffer from different problematic conditions especially for those who could not or are unwilling to use drug therapy. Therefore, healthcare professionals can educate PMW on the varying options and resources regarding menopause and well-being for behavioral changes for controlling physical and psychological problems. This programme may also offer implications for designing and implementing large-scale interventions in future in different communities in order to ensure its usefulness. Assessing the long-term effects of this intervention and health outcomes that appear in future are also recommended.

The present study is a brief education programme with a small sample size, and self-reporting of HPB and menopausal symptoms could be considered as several limitations. Despite these limitations, there are several strengths of this study. We used almost matched samples for the comparison, minimized the contacts between the two groups, used a well-designed education programme, and followed them up for comparatively lengthy periods enhancing the quality of our study. Furthermore, we were unable to find studies of similar nature done in Sri Lanka where our study will provide a platform for future research in this increasingly important area of health care.

5. Conclusions

The HPLEI designed for PMW was effective in improving adherence to the HPB and enhancing different aspects of health status including relieving menopausal symptoms, reducing adiposity, and improving cardiovascular functions and physical functions. This HPLEI provides positive impact of lifestyle medicine. Hence, it is recommended as a healthcare intervention in postmenopausal health management.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Ethical Approval

Ethical clearance for this intervention was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants separately for the experimental group and control group before the commencement of the study.

Disclosure

This manuscript was derived from the corresponding author’s PhD study at the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge two funding sources: National Research Council (Grant no. 15-023), Sri Lanka, and the Faculty Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. Dr. Iresha Mampitiya, Senior Lecturer, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Ruhuna; Dr. Himan de Silva, Sports Physician, Teaching Hospital Karapitiya; and Mrs. Mala Abeygunawardena, Nutritionist, Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital are acknowledged for their knowledge and experience sharing for the development of guidelines for postmenopausal health management. Ms. Pramudika Karaiyawasam, Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, is acknowledged for her contribution on proofreading the developed health education guidelines. Ms. Sunethra Weerarathna, Technical Officer, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, is acknowledged for technical assistance in performing biochemical assays. Finally, all the participants of the study are also acknowledged.

References

A. Heydari and F. Khorashadizadeh, “Pender’s health promotion model in medical research,” Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 1067–1074, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Bahadır, Z. Certel, and R. Topuz, “A research on healthy living behaviors of archery coaches and boxing coaches,” International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS), vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 88–96, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
N. J. Pender, C. L. Murdaugh, and M. A. Parsons, Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2006.
R. Sheikholeslam, A. Mohamad, K. Mohammad, and S. Vaseghi, “Non communicable disease risk factors in Iran,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 13, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
S. N. Walker, K. R. Sechrist, and N. J. Pender, Health Promotion Model-Instruments to Measure Health Promoting Lifestyle: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile [HPLP II](Adult Version), Deep Blue Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 1995, https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/85349.
H. Waidyasekera, K. Wijewardena, G. Lindmark, and T. Naessen, “Menopausal symptoms and quality of life during the menopausal transition in Sri Lankan women,” Menopause, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 164–170, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. H. Kushi, C. Doyle, M. McCullough et al., “American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 30–67, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Barclift and L. Jones, Menopause and menopause treatments, 2012.
T. J. Doherty, “Invited review: aging and sarcopenia,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1717–1727, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. M. Pérez, F. C. Garcia, S. Palacios, and M. Pérez, “Epidemiology of risk factors and symptoms associated with menopause in Spanish women,” Maturitas, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. A. Al-Safi and A. J. Polotsky, “Obesity and menopause,” Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 548–553, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Anderson, T. Yoshizawa, S. Gollschewski, F. Atogami, and M. Courtney, “Relationship between menopausal symptoms and menopausal status in Australian and Japanese women: preliminary analysis,” Nursing & Health Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 173–180, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. M. Atapattu, “Obesity at menopause: an expanding problem,” Journal of Patient Care, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2–7, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. R. Simkin-Silverman, R. R. Wing, M. A. Boraz, and L. H. Kuller, “Lifestyle intervention can prevent weight gain during menopause: results from a 5-year randomized clinical trial,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 212–220, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Tiznobaik, S. Taheri, Z. Momenimovahed, A. Kazemnejad, and S. T. Mirmolaei, “Effects of counseling on lifestyle of menopause women and their spouses: a randomized controlled trial study (RCT),” Electronic Journal of General Medicine, vol. 15, no. 4, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hunter and I. O’Dea, “An evaluation of a health education intervention for mid-aged women: five year follow-up of effects upon knowledge, impact of menopause and health,” Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 249–255, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Blake, “Menopause: evidence-based practice,” Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 799–839, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Anderson, “Effects of Diet and Exercise on Menopause,” 2014, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fb56/b63d703cf3beda09e35522e65f069473b8ea.pdf.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Moridi, R. Shahoei, S. Khaldi, and F. Sayedolshohadaei, “Quality of life among Iranian postmenopausal women participating in a health educational program,” Chronic Diseases Journal, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 63–66, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
M. R. Soules, S. Sherman, E. Parrott et al., “Stages of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW),” Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 843–848, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
FAO, “Human energy requirements Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation,” Tech. Rep., FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series FAO, Italy, 2001, http://www.fao.org/3/y5686e/y5686e08.htm.
View at: Google Scholar
S. N. Walker, K. R. Sechrist, and N. J. Pender, “The health-promoting lifestyle profile: development and psychometric characteristics,” Nursing Research, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 76–81, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Heinemann, A. Ruebig, P. Potthoff et al., “The menopause rating scale (MRS) scale: a methodological review,” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 45, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Rathnayake, G. Alwis, J. Lenora, and S. Lekamwasam, “Validation of Sinhala version of health promoting lifestyle profile-II for postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka,” in Proceedings of the Annual Academic Sessions of Annual Academic Sessions of Physiological Society of Sri Lanka, Negombo, Sri Lanka, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Rathnayake, J. Lenora, G. Alwis, and S. Lekamwasam, “Cross cultural adaptation and analysis of psychometric properties of Sinhala version of menopause rating scale,” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 161, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. G. Lohman, A. F. Roche, and R. Martorell, Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, vol. 177, Human kinetics books, Champaign, IL, USA, 1988.
F. Lauretani, C. R. Russo, S. Bandinelli et al., “Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 1851–1860, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nazari, S. Farmani, M. H. Kaveh, and H. Ghaem, “The effectiveness of lifestyle educational program in health promoting behaviors and menopausal symptoms in 45–60-year-old women in Marvdasht, Iran,” Global Journal of Health Science, vol. 8, no. 10, p. 34, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. S. Shafaie, M. Mirghafourvand, and M. Jafari, “Effect of education through support group on early symptoms of menopause: a randomized controlled trial,” Journal of Caring Sciences, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 247, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Anderson, C. Seib, A. McGuire, and J. Porter-Steele, “Decreasing menopausal symptoms in women undertaking a web-based multi-modal lifestyle intervention: the women’s wellness program,” Maturitas, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 69–75, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Imayama, C. M. Alfano, A. Kong et al., “Dietary weight loss and exercise interventions effects on quality of life in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 118, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Xi, L. Mao, X. Chen, and W. Bai, “Effect of health education combining diet and exercise supervision in Chinese women with perimenopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial,” Climacteric, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 151–156, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. L. García and S. G. Gómez-Calcerrada, “Cognitive-behavioral intervention among women with slight menopausal symptoms: a pilot study,” The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 344–355, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. C. Esposito Sorpreso, L. H. Laprano Vieira, C. Longoni Calió, M. Abi Haidar, E. C. Baracat, and J. M. Soares Jr., “Health education intervention in early and late postmenopausal Brazilian women,” Climacteric, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 573–580, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Abedi, M. H. S. Lee, M. Kandiah et al., “Diet intervention to improve cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian postmenopausal women,” Nutrition Research and Practice, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 522–527, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Deibert, D. König, M. Z. Vitolins et al., “Effect of a weight loss intervention on anthropometric measures and metabolic risk factors in pre-versus postmenopausal women,” Nutrition Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 31, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. K. Houston, X. Leng, G. A. Bray et al., “A long-term intensive lifestyle intervention and physical function: the look AHEAD Movement and Memory Study,” Obesity, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 77–84, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. P. Messier, S. L. Mihalko, C. Legault et al., “Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the idea randomized clinical trial,” JAMA, vol. 310, no. 12, pp. 1263–1273, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. T. Villareal, S. Chode, N. Parimi et al., “Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 364, no. 13, pp. 1218–1229, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. J. Rejeski, P. H. Brubaker, D. C. Goff et al., “Translating weight loss and physical activity programs into the community to preserve mobility in older, obese adults in poor cardiovascular health,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 171, no. 10, pp. 880–886, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Nirmala Rathnayake et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

3544

Downloads

1941

Citations