Effect of Weightlessness on the 3D Structure Formation and Physiologic Function of Human Cancer Cells

Table 3

Publications (1997-2018) describing proliferation and apoptosis in human cancer cells under real and simulated microgravity.

Samples (cell line)	Exposure Devices	Speed (RPM^1)	Exposure time	Result	Reason	Ref.
Breast cancer
MDA-MB-231	s-μg / RPM^2	10	72 h	Apoptosis increased after 72 h	Bax protein increased,while Bcl-2 decreased	[41]
MCF-7	s-μg / RPM^2	—	48 h	No obvious apoptosis	No obvious change in apoptosis related	[43]
					protein,such as P53, Bax, Bcl-2, P27
MCF-7	s-μg / MG-6C rotating clinostat system	30	72 h	Proliferation decreased	Partial remodeling of G2/M	[42]
MCF-7	s-μg / RPM^2	12.5	24 h	Apoptosis increased after 24 h	Fas, Casp8, Bax and p53 increased	[39]
Thyroid cancer
ML-1	s-μg / RPM^2	10	72 h	Apoptosis increased after 24 h	The protein of P53,Fas and Bax increased,	[25]
					while Bcl-2 decreased
ONCO-DG1	s-μg / 3D clinostat system	10	24 h	Apoptosis increased after 24 h	Bax increased and Caspase-3 activated,whlie Bcl-2	[36]
					decreased
Colorectal cancer
DLD-1	s-μg / RCCS-HARV	10	48 h	Proliferation reduction	Tumor suppressor PTEN and FOXO3 upregulated	[20]
MIP-101	r-μg / STS-70 and STS-85 space shuttle flights	—	10 d and 12 d	Proliferation and apoptosis reduced	The low expression of EGF-R,TGF-a,and TGF-β	[19]
Other tumor
U251 glioma	s-μg / 2D clinostat system	—	72 h	Proliferation decreased, while apoptosis increased	P21 upregulated, while IGFBP-2 downregulated	[45]
SGC-7901 gastric cancera	s-μg / MG-3 clinostat system	30	72 h		Proliferation decreased after 48 h and 72 h, while apoptosis increased after 72 h	PCNA decreased	[44]
H460 lung adenocarcinoma	s-μg / MG-3 clinostat system	30	72 h	Proliferation decreased		MKI67 decreased	[24]
BL6-10 melanoma cells	s-μg / RPM^2	—	24 h	Apoptosis increased after 24 h	Suppressing Uev1A/TICAM/TRAF/NF-kB- -Regulated anti-apoptosis	[47]

Table 3. d, day; h, hour; RPM¹, rounds per minute. r-g, real microgravity; s-g, simulated microgravity; RCCS-HARV: Rotational Cell Culture System-High Aspect Ratio Vessel; RPM²: Random Positioning Machine.