Surface Immobilization of TiO₂ Nanotubes with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Synergistically Enhances Initial Preosteoblast Adhesion and Osseointegration

Figure 1

SEM images of Ti (a), TNT (b), hBMP-2/Ti (d), and hBMP-2/TNT (e) samples observed at 20,000 × and 50,000 ×(magnified insets). Figure 1(c) is the fracture surface of 45 degree tilting sample of the nanotube microstructure; Figure 1(f) is the magnified SEM picture of Figure 1(e)’s inset (100,000 ×).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)