Hypoxia Induces Growth Differentiation Factor 15 to Promote the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer via PERK-eIF2α Signaling

Figure 5

GDF15 is required for the development and metastasis of tumor in vivo. HT29 cells were transfected with shRNA targeted at GDF15 (shGDF15) or negative control shRNA (NC). The cells (5 × 10⁶) were implanted into nude mice at the flank to induce tumor formation and tumor size was measured. n = 7 for NC group and n = 9 for the shGDF15 group. (a) The volume of xenograft tumors. (b) Representative images of immunostaining of the sections of xenograft tumors for N-Cadherin and Vimentin. (c) Representative images of immunostaining of the sections of tumors for Ki67. (b-c) scale bar, 50 μm. The data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. or by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.

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