In the vast field of biomedicine, the study of ancient human and animal specimens can provide important and detailed information, otherwise unobtainable by historical peoples and societies. This research includes biological anthropology on human remains, zooarchaeology on ancient animals, archaeoparasitology on parasitic infection, patterns of the past, and many more disciplines as well. In conjunction with archaeologists and historians, medical scientists, bioanthropologists, and zooarchaeologists have made remarkable achievements over the past century.

Recently, scientific research techniques that have developed brilliantly in the late last century have transformed the study of ancient human and animal specimens into something that has never been seen before. Globally, novel biochemical, molecular, and statistical techniques have contributed tremendous academic achievements to the academic community. Through that research, we can explore the health and disease conditions of people living in the past and deepen our understanding of the structure and function of the ancient societies in which they belonged. While studies of archaeologically obtained human or animal remains have shown remarkable results around the world, this trend is so far insignificant in Asia, a region where ancient civilizations with a long history and traditions have flourished. It is very unfortunate that academic traditions to conduct research on ancient specimens were weaker in Asia than those of other continents.

Therefore, this Special Issue is dedicated to pioneering reports on original studies and review articles using the latest biomedical tools for more effective analysis of ancient specimens unearthed at archaeological sites in many Asian countries. We welcome invaluable contributions from colleagues conducting relevant research on the Asian continent, which will serve as a foundation for more relevant studies to be conducted in the future. Those studies will enrich our knowledge about various aspects of ancient humans and animals in Asia, which has been lacking to date.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Materials: human and animal specimens collected at archaeological sites in Asia
• Stable Isotope Analysis
• Ancient DNA analysis
• Zooarchaeology
• Archaeoparasitology
• Statistical analysis of ancient human or animal populations
• Paleohistology
• Craniometry
• Paleopathology
• Biological Anthropology
• Historical approach to ancient animals